DEM在低山丘陵区综合治理中的应用

随着低山丘陵区水土流失日益严重,基于多角度、新方法的综合治理迫在眉睫。DEM模型能准确快速地反映区域的地形地貌特征,在低丘的治理中有着多层次的应用。笔者提出了应用DEM模型进行低山丘陵区气温和降水的空间模拟方法,划分区域作物优生区、适宜区的操作流程以及土地利用分区的确定,并把理论应用到小流域的具体实践中,数字化地形图建立样区的DEM模型,根据DEM数据监测样区内各种土地利用类型的坡度等级分布,提取坡度>25°的耕地,为小流域进一步的退耕还林做数据支持。实验结果表明:应用DEM模型能形象地表达区域的地形因子及流域特征,在低山丘陵区的综合治理中有广泛的应用前景。     

金沙江干热河谷不同栽培模式下桑树年片叶量与树势间的相关分析

分析了植物篱桑和地埂桑的年片叶量（Y）、桑树的有效条数（NB）、平均有效条长（LB）、条粗（DB）、平均每m条着叶数（NL）等数据，研究了年片叶量与其它各因子之间的相关关系。结果表明，植物篱桑的年片叶量与平均有效条长和条粗极显著相关；地埂桑的Y与有效条长、条粗极显著相关，与每m条着叶数显著相关；将两种种植模式下的桑树作为一个整体，则Y与NB、LB、DB、NL等因子相关极显著。建立了植物篱桑、地埂桑和整体的Y与显著相关DB、NL等因子相关极显著。建立了植物篱桑、地埂桑和整体的Y与显著相关因子之间的最优数学回归模型。文章同时指出，植物篱桑和地埂桑的树势间存在的极显著差异导致了桑叶产量之间的差异，对产生这些差异的原因也作了讨论。     

Visualization of the FEM Analysis Data by the Object-oriented Programming

The results of Finite Element Method are a lang of data A general method is presented which can be applied to generate color contour image for elements with arbitrary shape by the object oriented programming. The authors give Visualization of the Elements of triangle Element with 3 Points, triangle Element with 6 Points, quadrilateral Element with 4 Points, quadrilateral Element with 8 Points, quadrilateral Element with 9 Points and the example by the MFC of Visual C++ R6.     

植物篱模式下小流域退耕还草生态农业可持续发展模式研究

坡耕地是泥沙的主要策源地,虽然25°以上的坡耕地属于国家政策明令退耕区,但由于多数山地农业种植区存在耕地面积不足、农业燃料、饲料紧缺等问题,致使经济发展、农业生产生活与水土保持之间存在资源竞争的矛盾。基于此,提出采用等高固氮植物篱综合技术体系应对这一问题,在此基础上构建了适合小流域在进行25°以上坡耕地退耕还草后生态农业可持续发展的经济模式,并分析了该模式的效益,结果表明,采用植物篱技术进行退耕能够有效地促进山区生态农业的可持续发展。     

发动机悬置软垫初始断裂位置及断裂面预判

通过对发动机前后悬置软垫进行结构分析,得到橡胶体应力云图,据此初步判定悬置软垫断裂时初始裂纹的位置,并指出其可能的断裂面,从而为进行断裂分析及裂纹扩展跟踪提供了依据。     

等高草篱对坡耕地土壤苯磺隆残留迁移的影响

在北京市昌平区冬小麦田采用模拟降雨的方法,对不同坡位(坡中和坡底)的土壤进行分层(0~5、5~10、10~15 cm)取样测定,研究了草木樨和狼尾草两种等高草篱在不同雨强(15、20 mm·h~(-1))和坡度(15%和20%)条件下对土壤苯磺隆残留迁移及分布特征的影响。结果表明,前期干旱条件下,降雨后土壤苯磺隆残留纵向迁移特征明显,无明显的水平移动,亦未产生残留径流输出。草篱能够促进土壤中苯磺隆残留向下迁移,导致草篱带内和无草篱区域土壤中的残留纵向分布特征有较大差异:草篱带内3个土层残留水平相近,而对应坡位无草篱区域残留主要滞留于土壤表层,并随土层加深而显著降低。雨强、草篱、坡度均对土壤苯磺隆残留量有显著影响,草篱的贡献超过雨强和坡度,成为影响坡耕地农药残留纵向迁移行为的首要因素。     

Variations and phenotypic correlation of growth attributes of Calliandra calothyrsus in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica

Forested land cleared for agriculture in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica rapidly loses its productivity leading to further slash-and-burn cultivation and the degradation of more forest. Contour hedgerows of Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner have been shown to reduce water runoff and soil erosion, and products of the species have a wide range of uses in the local farming community. A trial was established at 1550 m in which the locally naturalised population of C. calothyrsus was compared with seven provenances from across the species' ecological range. There was considerable variation between provenances of C. calothyrsus in all the above-ground growth variables measured and, although the local provenance performed moderately well, it was clear that there is potential to improve the suitability of the species for a range of local uses by the introduction of new provenances. One provenance combined high above-ground productivity with low fine root-length density, especially in the inter-hedgerow area: it offers particular potential for use in simultaneous agroforestry systems providing wood and foliage products whilst not imposing high levels of competition with crop plants for below-ground resources. Although there were significant differences between provenances in the distribution of roots between the hedgerow and inter-row areas, they did not differ in the distribution of roots between soil depths. There were only limited differences between provenances in the response of their subsequent growth to harvesting. However, significant block × provenance interactions suggested that the performance of C. calothyrsus provenances may be difficult to predict between sites and farmers should be encouraged to carry out trial planting of a number of provenances to find those which best match their farm environment and needs.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Research on Shoelast CAD/CAM Technology

Some new developments of boundary contour method have been presented in this paper. The developments include the boundary contour method based on equivalent boundary integral equations, the traction boundary contour method as well as the application of the boundary contour method to crack problems and elastic thin plate bending problems.     

农林复合经营模式对干热河谷退化坡地土壤水分参数的影响

土壤水分状况是制约金沙江干热河谷植被恢复和造林的主要因素,改善土壤水分性质是实现该区域生态恢复重建和农业持续发展的必然途径。长期的实验和示范结果显示等高植物篱模式是一种非常适合干旱河谷环境的有极大应用潜力的水土保持和肥力改善、退化生境重建和植被恢复的农林复合经营模式。经过实地研究和实验室分析,结果表明等高固氮植物篱模式0～30 cm和30～70 cm土层容重与对照分别在0.05和0.10水平差异显著,而对70 cm以下土壤无显著差异;0～30 cm土壤水总库容和有效库容分别比对照提高了5.5%和4 2.4%,30～70 cm土壤水总库容和有效库容分别提高了5.8%和32.6%;土壤饱和导水率、吸渗率和稳定入渗率比对照增大,同时比对照土壤提高低吸力段土壤比水容量和土壤饱和水含量,从而有效改善了坡地退化土壤的水分入渗性能和水分状况。     

中国太阳日辐射量分布图研究

太阳日辐射量(mol/(m2·d))记录每一天里所接受的光合有效光子通量,是一种非常有效地度量与植物生长相关的太阳光照的方法。利用中国45个气象观测站点在1973—2002年期间观测的水平面太阳辐射数据,建立了中国太阳日辐射图。这一地图记录了各个地区在每个月所接受的太阳日辐射量月平均值。每年12月,北部地区太阳日辐射量最低,为5~10 mol/(m2·d);然而,每年的5月至7月,西北地区的太阳日辐射量最高,为45~50 mol/(m2·d)。每年10月至次年3月,太阳日辐射量大致呈东西向的水平条带状分布。每年5月至8月,中国东西部地区太阳日辐射量分布差异较大。在每年春分、秋分时节,太阳日辐射量变化最大。中国太阳日辐射图可以估测各个地区在每个月所接受的太阳日辐射量,同时也可以为温室人工光照的使用提供参考。