基于3D的县级森林防火系统关键技术研究

该文基于县级森林防火的需求,从森林防火指挥需要出发,以森林资源多源数据（遥感图像、GPS数据、地形图、DEM数据、地面调查数据和防火资源数据等）为基础,充分考虑森林资源空间性、多元性、多态性的特点,解决了森林防火本底数据中属性数据和空间数据一体化管理问题,实现了将RS、GPS、GIS和3D 4种技术有机结合的森林防火指挥的管理模式。对森林防火系统的技术构架进行了分析,对系统设计中的若干关键技术问题进行分析并提出了解决方案;以MapX、OpenGL、VC为开发工具,设计并开发了一个县级森林防火系统。      

西藏青稞灌溉定额的空间分布规律

西藏地区灌溉定额等试验数据有限,因此,基于少量实测数据,计算分析作物净灌溉定额及其空间变化规律,扩展有限数据的使用范围具有十分重要的意义。基于拉萨站实测的青稞作物系数,采用FAO提出的作物系数修正方法,得到西藏4个农业分区中代表站的青稞作物系数值。基于青稞种植区共28个站点的气象资料及4个分区的青稞作物系数及土壤水分参数等资料,采用土壤水量平衡原理计算得到28个站的青稞灌溉定额长系列值。采用克里金插值法得到西藏青稞不同水文年型灌溉定额及其主要影响因子的等值线图,分析了青稞灌溉定额的空间变化规律及其与主要影响因子的关系。结果表明,从西北到东南,青稞灌溉定额呈现逐渐减小的变化趋势,其等值线总体呈带状分布特点,并且等值线与经线趋于平行。青稞灌溉定额随着降雨量增加而降低,随气温及ET0增加而增加。     

Trees,grasses, and weeds: species choices in farmed-developed contour hedgerows

Innovations intended to conserve soils and improve soil nutrient cycling have not been widely adopted because of technical problems and lack of fit with farmers' cricumstances. Research in Claveria, the Philippines, facilitated and monitored farmers' adaptation of contour hedgerows to fit their particular needs. Farmers tested different establishment methods and many hedgerow species. They initially planted a combination ofGliricidia sepium (a legume tree) andPennisetum purpureum. (grass). Later adoptors chose fodder grasses (especiallySetaria spp.) or naturally occuring vegetation in their hedgerows-either solely or in combination with other species, including weeds such asRottboellia cochinchinensis identified as crop problems. Upland rice and maize farmers who adopted contour hedgerows from 1987 through 1991 were interviewed in 1992. Although hedgerow-crop competition, grazing by neighbors' cattle, and added labor were problems, farmers viewed hedgerows as a way to reduce soil erosion and provide fodder. Farmers planting mulberry were disappointed after a silkworm project folded. Farmers now face the problem of soil nutrient depletion, leading to fallowing of fields with hedgerows and shifting to other parcels. A farmer decision tree model of the minimum necessary criteria for sustainable adoption of contour hedgerows is hypothesized.     

等高反坡阶对滇中云南松林生态系统碳储量及增量分配格局的影响

通过标准地调查和生物量实测相结合的方法,对布设等高反坡阶后滇中云南松林生态系统碳储量特征进行估算,并分析了8 a后生态系统各层碳增量及分配格局。结果表明:布设等高反坡阶后云南松林乔木层、凋落物层、灌木层和草本层生物量分别比对照高出9.07%,9.29%,8.17%和13.24%,各层高低依次表现为乔木层（75.65 t/hm²） > 凋落物层（23.69 t/hm²） > 灌木层（4.68 t/hm²） > 草本层（1.80 t/hm²）;等高反坡阶处理下云南松林生态系统碳储量比对照高出27.10%,各层碳储量由高到低依次为土壤层（132.09 t/hm²） > 乔木层（35.32 t/hm²） > 凋落物层（5.94 t/hm²） > 灌木层（2.11 t/hm²） > 草本层（0.74 t/hm²）,分别占总碳储量的72.12%,22.26%,3.86%,1.31%和0.45%。等高反坡阶处理下云南松林生态系统的碳增量显著高于对照（29.68%）,乔木层、灌木层、草本层、凋落物和土壤层分别高出31.76%,28.21%,27.17%,15.54%和34.92%,说明等高反坡阶可有效促进植物生长,提高植被层及土壤层碳储量积累,因此人工造林时可因地制宜适度应用一定的等高反坡阶措施,加快当地碳库及生态环境的恢复速率,提高森林生态系统的生产能力。     

Basic study on contour tracing method in softwood cell contour extraction

The application of digital image analysis to calculate the parameters of softwood cells and to understand their microstructure is of importance in the area of basic micro-wood research such as wood anatomy. In order to obtain cell parameters, the most important part is to separate the cells from their background in an image, which is accomplished by drawing cell contours. In this study, a contour tracing method based on digital image binarization is introduced to extract the contours of softwood cells. As well, a comparison with other traditional methods is included. The results show that using this contour tracing method, clear and complete contours can be obtained, which solves the problems of traditional methods where sharp corners and turning points in an image could not be addressed.     

不同农艺措施组合对云南红壤坡耕地氮素平衡和流失的影响

通过对野外坡度为26．05％的径流小区实地观测，研究种植方式、施肥方式和等高植物篱条带3种农艺措施不同组合对云南红壤坡耕地氮素投入、带走平衡的影响。结果表明，在等高种植＋平衡施肥＋等高植物篱条带组合农艺措施条件下，收获玉米带走的氮为177．24kg·hm^-2，占水土流失和收获玉米带走氮总量的99．42％，水土流失带走1．03kg·hm^-2的氮，占水土流失和收获玉米带走氮总量的0．58％；顺坡种植＋农民习惯施肥收获玉米带走的氮仅为120.31kg·hm^-2，占水土流失和收获玉米带走氮总量的79．36％，而水土流失带走31．29kg·hm^-2的氮，占带走氮总量的20．64％。等高种植比顺坡种植增加收获玉米带走氮素13．36kg·hm^-2，减少水土流失带走氮素18．53kg·hm^-2；等高种植和平衡施肥条件下，等高植物篱条带因占用少量土地而减少收获玉米带走氮素6．09kg·hm^-2，减少水土流失带走氮素5．73kg·hm^-2；顺坡种植和习惯施肥条件下，等高植物篱条带减少收获玉米带走氮素5．39kg·hm^-2，减少水土流失带走氮素29．97kg·hm^-2；平衡施肥比习惯施肥增加收获玉米带走氮素49．66kg·hm^-2，减少水土流失带走氮素6．00kg·hm^-2。云南红壤坡耕地氮素的平衡主要与氮肥、钾肥施用量和玉米籽粒、秸秆产量有密切关系，施氮量高，氮素投入高于带走；平衡施肥玉米籽粒、秸秆产量高，氮带走总量较多，氮素带走略高于投入；习惯施肥玉米籽粒、秸秆产量低，氮素投入高，带走较少。     

播种镇压轮廓精准测量系统

设计了一种播种镇压轮廓精准测量系统,利用激光位移传感器,结合PLC和步进电机,进行非接触式测量。同时,在测量完成后系统自动绘出被测表面的轮廓,精确、直观地呈现给用户。     

基于纹理差异度引导的DRLSE病虫害图像精准分割方法

为精准分割纹理背景下的病虫害目标,提出一种基于混合高斯模型的纹理差异度表示方法和基于纹理差异度引导的DRLSE农作物病虫害精准分割方法。采用基于混合高斯模型的纹理差异度表示方法得到纹理差异度图像,利用Otsu自动阈值分割和形态学后处理得到农作物病虫害DRLSE演化的初始区域,将基于改进纹理差异度的边缘停止函数应用到DRLSE演化中。实验结果表明该方法可以获得精准的害虫和病变区域轮廓。