接种AM真菌对不同盐度土壤中向日葵生长的影响

采用温室盆栽的方法,模拟不同程度盐渍化土壤（外源添加NaCl 0、0.5、1.0 g·kg^-1和1.5 g·kg^-1）,研究接种AM真菌Funneliformis mosseae（F.mosseae）对向日葵菌根侵染率、生物量、矿质营养元素吸收、Na⁺吸收、抗氧化酶活性和膜系统、渗透平衡物质含量、光合作用以及水分利用率的影响。结果显示,NaCl浓度可显著影响AM真菌F.mosseae对向日葵根系的侵染,平均菌根侵染率为51.99%~68.85%;随着NaCl浓度的增加,向日葵地上部干质量和总干质量显著降低,地上部和根部Na⁺含量和积累量显著增加,叶片过氧化物酶（POD）活性显著降低,丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸含量显著增加,净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和水分利用率显著降低;不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,接种AM真菌使向日葵总干质量显著增加了16.95%~28.97%,地上部和根部磷含量分别显著增加了33.77%~54.29%和36.07%~52.63%,地上部和根部Na⁺含量显著增加,叶片POD活性显著增加,脯氨酸含量显著降低了80.26%~87.05%,净光合速率和蒸腾速率分别增加7.70%~80.00%和7.27%~32.53%,水分利用率显著增加了8.93%~14.97%。研究表明,AM真菌能够增强向日葵对盐胁迫的抵抗能力并促进其生长。研究为利用AM真菌联合耐盐作物修复盐渍化土壤以及拓宽盐渍土的开发和利用,提供基础数据和技术支持。     

弱毒黄萎病菌的筛选及诱导向日葵交互保护作用的条件优化

向日葵黄萎病是一种难以防治的土传病害。本研究通过毒力和致病力双重评价标准筛选得到一株弱毒黄萎病菌菌株Vn-1,采用诱导接种和挑战接种方法,明确了弱毒菌株Vn-1可以诱导向日葵产生对黄萎病菌的交互保护作用。本试验进一步对菌株Vn-1诱导间隔期和诱导浓度进行了条件优化,并在最优条件下探究其交互保护作用的持效性以及对向日葵植株生长情况的影响。结果表明,菌株Vn-1诱导向日葵交互保护的最佳诱导间隔为5 d,最佳诱导浓度为1×10⁶孢子/mL;在最佳诱导条件下,防效最大可达72.27%,且在挑战接种44 d后维持防效在30%以上;对比直接接种强毒菌株处理,最佳诱导条件下,向日葵株高和根长显著提高,表明菌株Vn-1诱导能够减小强毒菌株对向日葵植株生长的抑制作用。     

Boron Nutrition Studies with Cotton and Sunflower in Southern Turkey

Wide variations in boron (B) contents are typical of Turkish soils and plants, and most of the variation, 84% of the plant-soil B values are within the “normal.” Boron application on low B soils can make a contribution to yield in cotton and sunflower crops. Field experiments were carried out on clayey and medium-textured soils, which are Chromoxererts, Haploxererts, Xerochrepts, and Xerofluvents in Southern Turkey to study the effects of boron fertilization on irrigated cotton and rainfed sunflower growth, yield, and yield components. Four levels of boron—0, 1, 2, and 3 kg ha^?1—were applied at planting and the experimental design was completely randomized block design with four replications. There was a 31% and 31.9% increase in seedcotton yield at 3 kg and 2 kg ha^?1 of B, compared to the control only two out of four sites. There was an average increase of 61.4% in boll weight with 2 kg B ha^?1 application compared to the control. Effect of different application rates of B was not significant for fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber length uniformity. All levels of boron produced higher head diameters over control only one out of four sites. Boron applied at the level of 3 kg ha^?1 produced the highest 1000 seed weight of 47.5 g representing an 18% increase over the control. Boron applied at the level of 1 kg ha^?1 produced the highest seed yield, representing a 25% increase over the control only at one out of four sites. Boron was no value as a fertilizer for sunflower under given experimental conditions even though some uptake of boron was occurred. Boron fertilization may be regarded as effective in improving cotton yields.     

Ammonium accumulation in soil: the long‐term effects of tillage,rotation and N rate in a Mediterranean Vertisol

Plant nutrition requires organic nitrogen to be mineralized before roots can absorb it. A 13‐year field study was conducted on typical rain‐fed Mediterranean Vertisol to determine the effects of tillage system, crop rotation and N fertilizer rate on the long‐term NH₄⁺–N content in the soil profile (0–90 cm). The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block with a split–split plot arrangement and three replications. The main plots tested the effects from the tillage system (no‐tillage and conventional tillage); the subplots tested crop rotation with 2‐year rotations (wheat–wheat, wheat–fallow, wheat–chickpea, wheat–faba bean and wheat–sunflower) and the sub‐subplots examined the N fertilizer rate (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha). Soil NH₄⁺–N content was greatest in the rainiest years and greater under the no‐tillage (NT) system than the conventional tillage (CT) system (57 and 48 kg/ha, respectively). The deepest soil (30–60 and 60–90 cm) contained a greater NH₄⁺–N content (21.0 and 21.4 kg/ha, respectively) than the shallowest soil (19.5 kg/ha in 0–30 cm). This observation may be related to Vertisol characteristics, especially crack formation that allows greater mineralization in the deepest layers by displacing organic matter.     

内蒙古自治区近十年审（认）定油用向日葵品种分析

通过对近十年内蒙古自治区油用向日葵的审（认）定情况、审（认）定品种的农艺性状、生育期、产量、综合抗性及生产应用情况行分析,建议自治区应加强中早熟高产稳产品种的选育,重视生物技术应用,加强抗病育种,适合机械化收获的品种选育等几个方面开油用向日葵育种工作,促进内蒙古自治区油用向日葵产业取得突破性进展.     

食用向日葵新品种AD630选育报告

AD630为甘肃省酒泉市安达种业有限责任公司以28R为父本，65A为母本选育而成的三系配套食用向日葵新品种。在2013—2014年甘肃省多点区域试验中， AD630折合平均产量3750 kg/hm2，较对照品种LD5009增产2.5%。 AD630生育期115～120 d，株高170～175 cm，茎粗3.2 cm，平均叶片数29.8片；花盘直径20.0 cm，结实率88.6%，百粒重18.1 g，出仁率45.3%。适宜在甘肃沿黄灌区、陇东河灌区、河西灌区等有效积温25℃以上，或河东海拔1800 m以下山塬、旱地，年降水量在450 mm以上或有补灌条件的区域种植。     

再谈《金瓶梅》、《红楼梦》之瓜子

张箭先生在《〈金瓶梅〉、〈红楼梦〉之瓜子考》一文中，经考证认为明清小说《金瓶梅》,《红楼梦》中多次提到“瓜子”，是向日葵的子（葵花子），但是葵花子广泛应用于食用和榨油最早是在晚清。实际上该瓜子应该是西瓜的变种，子用西瓜的子，子用西瓜所产瓜子在明清流行程度很高，子用西瓜一般被称为打瓜或子瓜，该瓜子今天又被称为黑瓜子。     

改性处理向日葵秆的结晶度和红外光谱分析

利用硅烷偶联剂对向日葵秆进行改性,以研究其性能特征.借助XRD和FTIR技术分析了处理前后向日葵秆的结晶度和官能团变化.结果表明,硅烷偶联剂KH-560的最佳加量为3％.硅烷偶联剂可以有效减小其结晶度,且官能团谱图强度变化明显.     

基于主成分分析评价不同类型肥料对向日葵穴盘苗素质的影响

旨在研究不同类型肥料对向日葵穴盘苗生长的影响,筛选适用于向日葵穴盘的肥料类型和壮苗指数。以观赏向日葵‘夏日微风’为试材,采用主成分分析方法综合评价不同类型肥料对向日葵穴盘苗素质的影响。结果表明,花多多高氮钾比例肥提高向日葵穴盘苗叶片叶绿素含量、株高和茎粗,增加幼苗同化物积累;硫酸钾型复合肥更有利于根系生长及根同化物积累。与其他肥料相比,花多多高氮钾比例肥处理的叶绿素含量、株高、茎粗、植株干重、植株鲜重、地上部干重、地上部鲜重分别平均增加15.6%、10.0%、6.6%、15.1%、11.4%、16.6%、13.8%;硫酸钾型复合肥处理的根系干重、根系鲜重、主根长分别平均增加13.3%、35.0%、4.9%。4种肥料肥效大小依次为：花多多高氮钾比例肥>硫酸钾型复合肥>控释肥>花多多1号肥。综上所述,向日葵穴盘苗施肥优选花多多高氮钾比例肥,茎粗/株高×单株鲜重×100可作为向日葵穴盘苗的壮苗指数。     

华北低平原区高产油葵新品种比较试验

[目的]筛选适宜华北低平原区独特气候特点和种植模式的油葵品种。[方法]通过对引进的新葵10号、S698、S567、新葵22号、新葵20号、S998、S667、S672 8个油葵新品种的生育期、植物学性状、抗性和经济性状的比较,分析鉴定各品种的适应性、丰产性、抗逆性和经济性状。[结果]在参试的8个油葵新品种中,S567和新葵22号综合性状好,增产潜力大,稳产性较好,全生育期较短,经济效益显著,适于在华北低平原区推广种植。[结论]该研究为华北低平原区油葵生产发展提供理论依据。