Growth and Nitrogen Fixation in Dhaincha/Sorghum and Dhaincha/Sunflower Intercropping Systems Using 15Nitrogen and 13Carbon Natural Abundance Techniques

A field experiment on dhaincha, sunflower, and sorghum plants grown in monocropping and intercropping systems was conducted to evaluate growth and nitrogen (N₂) fixation using ¹³carbon (C) and ¹⁵N natural abundance techniques. Intercropping of sesbania/sorghum showed a greater efficiency than monocropping in producing dry matter during the entire growth period, whereas the efficiency of producing dry matter in the sesbania/sunflower intercropping was similar to that in the monocropping system. Moreover, sorghum plants (C4) were more competitive than sesbania (C3) for soil N uptake, whereas sesbania seemed to be more competitive than its associated sunflower (C3). Nitrogen uptake in the mixed stand of sesbania/sorghum was improved as a result of the increase in soil N uptake by the component sorghum and the greater root nodule activity of component sesbania without affecting the amount of N₂ fixed. The Δ ¹³C in plant materials was affected by plant species and the cropping system.     

挥发性化合物2-甲基苯并噻唑对核盘菌和灰葡萄孢的抑制效应

为明确挥发性化合物2-甲基苯并噻唑（2-methylbenzothiazole,2-MBTH）对向日葵菌核病病原菌核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和番茄灰霉病病原菌灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea的防治潜力,采用密封盘菌丝生长速率法测定其对2种病原菌的抑制作用,利用离体叶片接种试验分析其对2种病原菌致病力的影响。结果显示,2-MBTH对核盘菌和灰葡萄孢具有明显的抑制作用,2-MBTH对核盘菌菌丝的EC₅₀为0.87 μL/L,对灰葡萄孢菌丝的EC₅₀为4.49 μL/L。2-MBTH能够显著降低灰葡萄孢的致病力,受抑制程度与2-MBTH浓度呈正相关;扫描电镜观察发现,2-MBTH能够使灰葡萄孢菌丝形态异常,菌丝干瘪,分枝增多,表面塌陷;使核盘菌菌丝破损,表面塌陷。另外,随着2-MBTH熏蒸浓度的增大,核盘菌的菌核数量和质量都有所减少,且健康菌核在2-MBTH的熏蒸作用下失去了萌发能力。表明2-MBTH对核盘菌和灰葡萄孢均有较高的抑制作用,表现为菌丝生长、菌核萌发受到抑制,利用其熏蒸作用可以为向日葵菌核病和番茄灰霉病的有效防控提供新思路。     

基于自抗扰-动态矩阵的油葵联合收获机脱粒滚筒转速控制

针对油葵联合收获机的脱粒滚筒控制方法的实时性、准确性和适应性问题,该文以油葵联合收获机行走速度为控制量,滚筒转速为目标建立油葵联合收获机脱粒滚筒速度动力学模型,并将模型变换为适于自抗扰控制的仿射系统,设计了基于自抗扰和动态矩阵模型的控制系统,并对联合收获机的时变干扰进行在线估计,对脱粒滚筒的控制延迟进行基于动态矩阵模型预测控制,实现对其控制延迟的抵消和滚筒转速的实时控制。对所设计的脱粒滚筒控制器进行了仿真、台架试验和田间试验。结果表明,在自抗扰-动态矩阵控制器作用下,当喂入量较小时,随着收获机行走速度慢慢增加滚筒转速稳定在最优转速430 r/min;当喂入量加大时,滚筒转速降低;当喂入量有小幅度随机干扰时,滚筒实时控制转速与最优转速430 r/min的静态误差保持在5%之内,自抗扰-动态矩阵控制器能够使脱粒滚筒获得平稳的速度控制效果。研究结果可为油葵作物联合收获机控制提供参考。     

轴流螺旋滚筒式食用向日葵脱粒装置设计与试验

针对食葵脱粒过程中籽粒表皮划伤严重及未脱净率高等问题,该研究设计了一种轴流螺旋滚筒式食葵脱粒装置。脱粒元件为外径32 mm的螺旋管,对物料在脱粒空间的运移过程进行运动学与动力学分析,确定脱粒元件螺旋管螺旋升角为63°,螺距为2 800 mm。以葵花3638为对象进行台架试验,通过单因素试验探索喂入量、滚筒转速及脱粒间隙对籽粒未脱净率和破损率的影响,根据单因素试验结果,以喂入量、滚筒转速、脱粒间隙为影响因素,未脱净率和破损率为响应指标,进行二次回归正交旋转组合试验,利用Design-Expert软件建立响应指标与影响因素之间的数学模型,基于响应面法进行参数优化,获得脱粒装置在喂入量1.4 kg/s,滚筒转速300 r/min,脱粒间隙35 mm的参数组合下脱粒效果较好,此时未脱净率为0.55%,破损率1.76%。以优化参数组合进行验证试验,结果表明,未脱净率为0.59%、破损率为1.77%,与模型预测值的相对误差均小于5%。该装置未脱净率与破损率均低于现有向日葵脱粒机,满足向日葵机械化收获标准。该研究为食葵机械化收获装备的研制提供理论参考。     

DEA方法在土壤元素与葵花品质评价中的应用

采用数据包络分析方法（DEA）建立葵花品质评价模型,探讨土壤元素对葵花品质的相对有效性,并以吉林省西部葵花籽产区为例进行实证研究。结果表明：（1）研究区58个土壤样本中,除5个表现为DEA无效外,其余53个均为有效,表明研究区的根系土壤元素对葵花品质影响的有效性程度较好,根系土壤元素含量及结构比例与葵花品质存在着较合理的输入输出关系;（2）对DEA无效的样本,要针对具体情况对土壤环境进行改良,以达到适合葵花生长的最佳条件。该研究有助于确定影响葵花品质的主要地球化学因素,提高该区域的葵花籽品质,以达到充分利用吉林西部大面积的盐碱地的目的。     

Nutrition and production of Helianthus annuus in a function of application of leaf silicon

Silicon (Si) is important as it increases plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, studies on in foliar fertilization are still scarce. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of silicon on nutrition and production of Helianthus annuus. The study was carried with a completely randomized design, consisting of five doses of silicon (0; 0.84; 1.68; 2.52 and 3.36?mg L^?1) applied as silicate, with four replicates. Biometric evaluations and relative chlorophyll index (RCI) measurements were performed, being also observed the dry matter production and the silicon use efficiency by plants. The RCI is not affected by the foliar application of Si, while the height and leaf area increase by 8.3 and 25.4%, respectively. Foliar Si application up to the dose of 3.36?g L^?1 promotes linear increases in the dry matter production of shoots (32%), capitulum (19%) and the whole plant of sunflower (27%).     

Response of sunflower to potassium and magnesium fertilizers in calcerous soils in central Anatolia of Turkey

This research was carried out to determine the effects of potassium [0, 40, 80, 120 kg potassium oxide (K₂O) ha^?1] and magnesium (0, 20, 40, 60 kg magnesium oxide (MgO) ha^?1) applied into soil separately and together on the grain yield and yield components of sunflower for oil grown in two farmer fields in the semi-arid Central Anatolia in 2009 and 2010. The experiments were set as factorial experiment design in randomized blocks and 4 replicates. Potassium and Mg-fertilizers were used in the single time into base in the sowing. According to the results, K application in the increasing doses increased yield components more than that of Mg. Together giving of the K and Mg in certain combinations took the yield components to maximum levels. The highest grain yields were obtained by the K₄₀Mg₄₀ in the first year (7313 kg ha^?1) and by the Mg₆₀ in the second year (6510 kg ha^?1).     

Photosynthesis as Influenced by Assimilate Level in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The regulation of photosynthesis by its assimilates was investigated in sunflower by altering the assimilate level in leaves by girdling, detopping, shading and defoliation. The level of assimilates like sucrose accumulated in leaves did not inhibit photosynthesis or Rubisco activity. Starch levels also did not have an influence on the photosynthetic rate.     

三亚地区切花向日葵品种关键栽培技术研究

[目的]为大面积推广切花向日葵栽培提供参考依据.[方法]从品种选择、土壤、光照、采收等方面介绍了切花向日葵品种的关键栽培技术,并对比了赤霉素(GA3)处理与对照对切花向日葵的影响.[结果]用1/1 000 GA3处理后,切花向日葵株高明显高于对照,但叶片颜色、花型、花期、花盘倾斜度、茎粗、落花性明显不如对照.[结论]用GA3处理对切花品质影响很大,在三亚地区应尽量避免使用GA3处理.