Foliar Application of Glycinebetaine and Salicylic Acid Improves Growth,Yield and Water Productivity of Hybrid Sunflower Planted by Different Sowing Methods

Improved planting methods and foliar application of glycinebetaine (GB) and salicylic acid (SA) can improve the water productivity in field crops under limited water supply conditions. A 2‐year field study was conducted to evaluate the possible role of different planting methods and foliar applications of GB and SA in improving the yield, quality and water productivity of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The crop was planted by flat sowing (75 cm spaced rows) and ridge sowing (75 cm spaced ridges), with GB and SA applied exogenously at 100 and 0.724 mm , respectively, at both budding and flowering stages, while control plots received distilled water. Ridge sowing, rather than flat sowing, improved the biological yield, oil yield, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), plant height, water‐use efficiency and final achene yield during both the years. Foliar applications of GB and SA at both the stages improved the achene yield, although foliar application of GB at flowering was the most effective. Neither the planting methods nor the foliar application of GB and SA altered the achene oil contents during both the years. Foliar application of GB and SA increased the free proline content of the leaf and GB contents at flowering but reduced the achene protein contents, whereas planting method had no effect on these attributes across the years. Of the foliar applied chemicals, GB was more effective in improving sunflower growth and yield and water productivity than SA. To conclude, ridge sowing coupled with foliar application of GB at flowering stage could be beneficial for achieving maximum yields of hybrid sunflower under relatively water limited conditions in the field.     

Effects of different forms and origins of oilseeds on dynamics of ruminal biohydrogenation of long‐chain fatty acids in vitro

Dietary unsaturated fatty acids (FA) are intensively hydrogenated in the rumen, resulting in reduced amount of poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and accumulation of several biohydrogenation (BH) products. In this study, BH of PUFA originating from different oilseeds (linseed, soya beans, sunflower seed and rapeseed) present in crushed oilseeds or their free oils were assessed in vitro. The assay substrates were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. After incubation, the FA pattern of the incubated samples was analysed using gas chromatography. Biohydrogenation is defined as disappearance of double bonds (DB) calculated from the contents of unsaturated FA. After 24‐h incubation, the DB contents of all oilseeds were reduced (p < 0.001) by 40–60%. The reduction was higher (p < 0.001) for the crushed form compared with the oil form. In addition, linseed and sunflower seed known as oilseeds with high contents of linolenic acid C18:3 c9,12,15 (LNA) and linoleic acid C18:2 c9,12 (LA), respectively, showed a higher (p < 0.001) accumulation of the BH intermediates conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, isomer C18:2 c9t11) and vaccenic acid (C18:1 t11) for the crushed form, when compared with the oil. These results suggest an inherent effect of the physical form of the assay oilseeds on in vitro BH. Changes in FA pattern during BH in vitro can be attributed to both source and physical form of the assay oilseeds. However, further investigations are warranted to ensure whether the observed in vitro effects on ruminal BH can be confirmed in vivo.     

枸杞瘿螨的发生危害调查及生态调控研究

以内蒙古枸杞产区主要害虫枸杞瘿螨为研究对象,于2008－2013年分别在内蒙古托克托县五申镇、乌拉特前旗先锋镇和内蒙古自治区园艺研究院试验场等地,选择不同栽培环境的枸杞园地开展枸杞瘿螨发生危害调查,并进行枸杞行间套作藿香蓟、薄荷及苜蓿等开花植物生态调控枸杞瘿螨试验,为实施以植物多样性为基础的枸杞瘿螨综合调控技术、降低农药使用提供理论和技术支撑。结果表明：枸杞园环围栽培向日葵、玉米和瓜类等多种植物,枸杞行间套作和毗邻向日葵、藿香蓟等开花作物,枸杞与向日葵、玉米间隔呈条幅带作栽培,对枸杞瘿螨的发生危害有抑制作用。生态调控区枸杞瘿螨的发生危害以6月最重,6月到8月危害呈现下降趋势,因此认为,药剂防治仍应是目前早春4－6月枸杞瘿螨出蛰活动期必须实施的措施,之后随着多作物生态环境的营造,可以持续控制枸杞瘿螨的发生危害。     

饲粮中添加葵花籽油和茶油对泌乳水牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加葵花籽油和茶油对泌乳水牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响。选取32头健康泌乳水牛(平均年龄为6.0岁,平均体重为620 kg),按产奶量(9 kg/d以上)、泌乳期(处于泌乳中期)相近原则随机分为4组,进行为期6周的饲养试验,其中预试期2周,正试期4周。基础饲料由精料和粗料组成。对照组饲喂基础饲粮;在试验组的精料中分别添加4%的葵花籽油(葵花籽油组)、4%的茶油(茶油组)、2%的葵花籽油+2%的茶油(混合组)。结果表明:与对照组相比,各试验组的产奶量均显著下降(P<0.05),乳脂率均显著提高(P<0.05),乳脂产量、乳蛋白率和乳糖率则无显著变化(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,葵花籽油组、茶油组和混合组的乳总固形物含量分别提高了5.22%、7.95%和6.17%,其中茶油组和混合组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,葵花籽油组乳脂中cis9,trans11-C18∶2[共轭亚油酸(CLA)]的含量提高了44.54%(P<0.05),混合组乳脂中trans11-C18∶1的含量提高了22.68%(P<0.05)。葵花籽油组、混合组乳脂中C18∶2的含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);葵花籽油组、茶油组和混合组的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)/饱和脂肪酸(SFA)均比对照组提高,且葵花籽油组和混合组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中混合组的PUFA/SFA最高。各组水牛的血液总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、葡萄糖、总蛋白、尿素氮含量及谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此得出,泌乳水牛饲粮中添加精料饲喂量4%的葵花籽油、4%的茶油或2%的葵花籽油+2%的茶油合均可提高乳脂率和乳脂中CLA的含量,但会导致产奶量降低;优化乳脂脂肪酸组成上,以葵花籽油和茶油的混合添加效果较好。     

Sunflower seed meal as a protein source in diets for Tilapia rendalli (Boulanger, 1896) fingerlings

This study tested the use of sunflower seed meal as a dietary protein replacement for fishmeal in practical diets for tilapia fingerlings. In order to determine the optimum substitution level for this species, sunflower seed meal was used to replace 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of the fishmeal protein in diets containing 40% protein overall. During a 70‐day feeding period, diets containing 10% and 20% plant protein provided the best growth and feeding efficiency results, with values statistically similar to those of the control diet based on fishmeal as the sole protein. The unitary feeding cost index showed the highest profit with diets containing 20% sunflower seed meal. Growth depletion observed with diets containing higher sunflower seed meal percentages is explained by increasing Phe and Met deficiencies, and high non‐digestible fibre content. It was concluded that sunflower seed meal is a suitable feed ingredient for tilapia complete diets when it constitutes up to 20% of the dietary protein.     

Nutritive value of partially dehulled and extruded sunflower meal for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in sea water

This study determined the digestibility of protein in partially dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) and then, as the main goal, the nutritive value of high‐temperature extruded (≤149°C) partially dehulled SFM (SFM_EX) for post‐smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in sea water. The digestibility study was conducted using the settling column approach (‘Guelph system’) for faeces collection as described by Hajen, Higgs, Beames and Dosanjh. In the nutritive value study, triplicate groups of 50 salmon (mean weight ～116 g) in 4000‐L outdoor fibreglass tanks supplied with 25–40 L min^?1, filtered, oxygenated (dissolved oxygen, 7.0–8.5 mg L^?1), 11–12°C sea water (salinity, 29–31 g L^?1), were fed twice daily to satiation one of five steam‐pelleted dry diets that contained 422 g of digestible protein (DP) kg^?1 and ～16.4 MJ of digestible energy (DE) kg^?1 on a dry weight basis for 84 days. Low‐temperature‐dried anchovy meal (LT‐AM) comprised 68.2% of the basal diet protein whereas in four test diets, SFM_EX progressively replaced up to 33.0% of the DP provided by LT‐AM in the basal diet (SFM_EX≤271 g kg^?1 of dry matter). Sunflower meal had 87.9% DP. Diet treatment did not significantly affect specific growth rate (1.39–1.45% day^?1), feed efficiency (1.19–1.26), percentage of dietary protein retained (45.8–47.5), gross energy utilization (46.5–49.4%), per cent survival (96.0–99.3) or terminal whole body and muscle proximate compositions. We conclude that SFM_EX can comprise ≥271 g kg^?1 of the dry diet or ≥22.7% of the digestible dietary protein of post‐smolt Atlantic salmon in seawater without any adverse effects on their performance.     

向日葵小菌核病防治措施的研究

本文通过对向日葵小菌核病（Ｓｄｅｒｏｔｉｎｉａ．ｍｉｎｏｒＪａｇｇｅｒ）的防治措施研究，明确了早期拔除病株，收获时及时清理病残秸杆，３年以上轮作，迟播种期到６月１日左右，采用５０％速克灵可湿性粉剂３７５０～７５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ￣２，５０％强力杀菌剂水剂３７５０～７５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ￣２，具有较好的防治效果。     

Respiration and Growth of Sorghum and Sunflower under Predicted Increased Night Temperatures1

Little information exists concerning how crops will respond to the predicted increased night temperatures. The objective of this work was to determine if respiration and growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], a C, plant, and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a C₃ plant, are affected when the night temperature is increased by 5°C compared to the long-term (19 year) average night temperature in June in Kansas. Sorghum and sunflower were grown in two walk-in growth chambers with either the ambient night temperature (21C) or a high night temperature (26C). Day temperature was the same for all plants (27C). Both sunflower and sorghum had higher respiration rates under the elevated night temperature than under the ambient temperature. The average respiration rate of sunflower grown under elevated night temperature increased by 19% (0.89 vs. 0.75 μmol m^?2 s^?1) and that of sorghum by 44 % (0.52 vs. 0.36μmol m^?2s^?1). After 74 days, sunflower plants grown under the ambient night temperature were 30.2 cm taller than sunflower plants grown under the elevated night temperature; sorghum plants under the ambient temperature were 24.8 cm taller. Sunflower plants grown under the elevated night temperature formed flowers one week earlier than those grown under the ambient temperature. Sorghum formed no flowers by 74 days. Results suggest that, if climate change does increase night temperature, respiration will be increased more in C₄, than C₃ plants.     

油葵杂交种春播产比试验及适宜播期的确定

通过油葵产比、播期试验结果分析，新葵6号256.67kg/667m^2，较对照种G101增产11.82%，居参试种首位，同时提出春播种植油葵应选择生育期较长的品种，播期以3月25日至4月5日为宜，适播人播种越早越好。     

Inheritance of high palmitic acid content in the sunflower mutant CAS-12 and its relationship with high oleic content

CAS‐12 is a sunflower mutant with increased levels of palmitic (C16: 0 = 30%) and oleic (C18: 1 = 55%) acids in its seed oil, hence it has a reduced linoleic acid content (C18: 2 < 5%). This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of high C16: 0 content and its relationship with high C18: 1 content in CAS‐12. Reciprocal crosses involving CAS‐12, CAS‐5 (high C16: 0 content), HAOL‐9 (high C18: 1 content) and HA‐89 (standard fatty acid profile) were made. The F₁, F₂ and BC₁F₁ generations were obtained. The genetic control of the high C16: 0 trait in CAS‐12 was partially recessive and gametophytic. In all cases, this character segregated in the ratio 19: 38: 7 (low: intermediate: high C16: 0 content) in the F₂ generation. These results, together with the lack of segregation for C16: 0 content in crosses between CAS‐12 and CAS‐5, indicated that the genetic control of the high C16: 0 trait in CAS‐12 was similar to that in CAS‐5 in being controlled by partially recessive alleles (p1, p2, and p3) at three loci. Crosses between HA‐89 and CAS‐12, and HAOL‐9 and CAS‐5 (segregating for C16: 0 and C18: 1) demonstrated that the high C16: 0 and the high C18: 1 traits were independently inherited. However, C18: 1 segregation in these crosses exhibited reversal of dominance. Apparently, the low C18: 1 parental lines carried modifier genes causing the deviation.