农业废弃物堆肥防治番茄根结线虫病的效果评价

为筛选防治番茄根结线虫病的农业废弃物材料及其合适的施用量,将6种农业废弃物材料(香蕉茎叶、甘蔗叶、蘑菇渣、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、茶麸)进行堆肥化处理,通过盆栽试验评价其对番茄根结线虫的防治效果.结果表明:施用茶麸堆肥200 g/盆和甘蔗叶堆肥300 g/盆的防治效果最好,防效均为80.71％.除蘑菇渣堆肥3个施用梯度的防效无显著差异外,其他堆肥的防效均随施用量的增加而增加.6种堆肥在不同施用梯度下对番茄的生长均有一定的促进作用,其中施用水稻秸秆堆肥200 g/盆的长势最好,平均株高为127.44 cm,平均茎粗围为3.13 cm,显著优于对照和其他堆肥处理.     

蘑菇渣作为改良剂对铅锌尾矿改良效果研究

采用盆栽试验,在铅锌尾矿中分别加入0、1%、5%、10%和20%的蘑菇渣,研究不同比例蘑菇渣对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)生长及铅锌尾矿基质改良效果的影响。结果表明,添加蘑菇渣改良处理后,尾矿基质中铵态氮、速效磷和有机质分别增加了0.4～5.1、0.3～3.4和0.4～4.7倍;尾矿重金属DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Pb和DTPA-Zn分别下降了52.6%～81.6%、25.5%～35.4%和25.4%～60.2%;土壤脱氢酶活性增长了1.2～8.0倍,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性增长了2.7～5.6倍,脲酶活性增长了1.1～2.2倍,磷酸酶活性增长了0～0.8倍。尾矿理化性质的改善促进了黑麦草的生长,与对照相比,黑麦草总生物量分别增长了0.8、2.3、2.6、2.7倍。统计分析表明,蘑菇渣添加量为5%～10%(相当于30～60 t·hm-2)时尾矿改良效果较好、植物生物量大,可作为蘑菇渣改良铅锌尾矿基质的配比模式。总体来看,将蘑菇渣作为改良剂用于尾矿废弃地的生态恢复,不仅降低了尾矿治理修复成本,而且实现了固体废弃物的资源化利用,应用前景广阔。     

Effects of a biomimetic iron‐porphyrin on soil respiration and maize root morphology as by a microcosm experiment

A synthetic, water‐soluble iron‐porphyrin [meso‐tetra(2,6‐dichloro‐3‐sulfonatophenyl) porphyrinate of Fe(III) chloride] has recently been proposed as a biomimetic catalyst in the process of oxidative polymerization of terrestrial humic acids, to increase their conformational stability and thus contribute to a reduction of soil CO₂ release into the atmosphere. This study was aimed at investigating changes in selected soil chemical properties, CO₂ efflux, and maize root morpho‐topology after the addition of iron‐porphyrin as a microcosm‐style experiment, located in a greenhouse. The addition of mature compost was also included as an experimental factor in order to reveal synergistic effects in regard to freshly added organic materials. Iron‐porphyrin determined a negligible effect on soil organic budget in both unplanted and planted microcosms. Conversely, the biomimetic catalyst was found to have significant and contrasting effects on soil respiration, apparently reflecting different iron porphyrin–plant–compost interactions. Consequently, iron‐porphyrin significantly reduced CO₂ efflux from the bare (unplanted) soil, which was, conversely, stimulated in maize‐planted microcosms. Additionally, combined iron‐porphyrin and compost addition synergistically acted in increasing soil respiration in planted microcosms. Moreover, root biomass was increased with the addition of iron‐porphyrin, and a further effect on maize root morphology was noted when used in combination with compost; notably the length of coarse and fine roots increased. We hypothesized that the efficacy of iron‐porphyrin in reducing CO₂ efflux from soil may be mediated by morphological changes in the plant‐root system.     

碳氮比对猪粪堆肥腐熟度的影响

为提高畜禽粪便堆肥的效果,以猪粪为基质,锯末与秸秆为调理辅料,研究堆肥材料初始C/N为19~33∶1时不同堆制时间与腐熟度有关的温度、pH、种子发芽率和堆体C/N变化等指标。结果表明:堆肥温度以锯末为调理辅料的效果优于秸秆,但均符合《粪便无害化卫生标准》(GB 7959—2012)要求;堆料较为适宜的C/N为(23~27)∶1。堆肥过程结束时(22d)pH均维持在8.0~9.0,培养的种子发芽率锯末组高于秸秆组,锯末堆肥初始C/N为(24~28)∶1时的腐熟度比较高,种子发芽率≥90%;秸秆堆肥以初始C/N为25∶1时发芽率最高,达88%。以猪粪为基质添加锯末初始C/N不宜超过30∶1,添加秸秆初始C/N不宜超过29∶1。     

生物活性水对堆肥腐熟过程的效应研究

在以牛粪为原料的堆肥试验过程中,加入生物活性水,具有消除臭味、缩短发酵时间的作用,试验结果表明:①生物活性水的加入使堆肥过程的pH值有所下降,减少了NH4 -N的挥发损失,使养分得到保持;②生物活性水的加入能使堆肥过程中形成的NO3--N含量增加,加入其他辅料后,效果更好;③加入生物活性水后的堆肥产品,对植物的生长具有明显的促进作用。     

Vineyard Compost Supplemented with Trichoderma Harzianum T78 Improve Saline Soil Quality

Understanding soil degradation is especially important in the Mediterranean Region where desertification is a serious problem, and soil salinization is one of the causes. Salinity reduces soil quality, limits crop productivity and brings on long term soil degradation. Therefore the restoration of degraded soils is necessary to reduce land degradation, improve soil fertility and achieve a sustainable food production. The addition of compost supplemented with the beneficial microorganism Trichoderma harzianum isolate T78 to saline soils (NaCl) was studied to determine the impact on soil microbiology, which is the key to restore and rehabilitate degraded soils. The selected Trichoderma harzianum isolate T78 showed high salt tolerance despite the low osmotolerance of the genus Trichoderma . Increasing salt concentration reduced Trichoderma sp colony‐forming units (CFU) from natural soil and adversely affected soil microbial biomass C as well as dehydrogenase, β‐glucosidase, phosphatase and urease activities. Simultaneous amendment of the saline soil with compost and inoculation with T. harzianum T78 improved the soil microbiological quality; the number of T. harzianum T78 CFU did not decrease as NaCl increased. As T. harzianum strain T78 is salt tolerant, increasing the relative abundance of this specific strain would contribute to the rehabilitation of saline soils. Vineyard composts supplemented with T. harzianum T78 represent a promising approach for the treatment and improvement of saline soil properties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有机固体废弃物好氧高温堆肥化处理技术

好氧高温堆肥化是有机固体废弃物资源化处理利用的有效途径之一,其关键技术是如何为微生物繁殖生长提供良好的环境,堆肥水分含量、pH值、C/N值、通气量、翻堆频率等均影响堆肥化的进程和效率。结合城市污泥、城市垃圾及家禽粪便垫料堆肥化处理的生产经验,阐述了堆肥过程的主要技术要求及其调控方法。     

施用不同配比菇渣、熟牛粪对酸性土壤质量和花生产量的影响

为了研究施用菇渣、菇渣-熟牛粪对酸性土壤质量和花生产量的影响,研发改善旱地酸性土壤质量和利于花生生长的菇渣、熟牛粪配比,设计以下盆栽和田间试验。盆栽试验选用红壤、砖红壤、赤红壤3类酸性土壤,田间试验选用红壤为研究对象。设置常规量化肥处理(CK)、熟牛粪处理(CMC)、两种菇渣处理(SMC1、SMC2)和两种菇渣-熟牛粪配比处理(SMC+CMC1、SMC+CMC2)共计6种施肥处理。结果表明,与常规量化肥处理(CK)、熟牛粪处理(CMC)相比,施用菇渣处理(SMC1、SMC2)、菇渣-熟牛粪处理(SMC+CMC1、SMC+CMC2)能有效提高土壤pH值、有机质和土壤养分含量、土壤可培养细菌数量、土壤微生物生物量碳含量和花生产量;相对于少施菇渣处理(SMC2、SMC+CMC2),多施菇渣处理(SMC1、SMC+CMC1)提升土壤有机质、养分含量及花生产量的效果更好,且配比为菇渣N 40%∶熟牛粪N 20%∶尿素N 40%的处理(SMC+CMC1)效果最佳。     

垃圾肥对土壤和农产品重金属含量的影响

在田间定位试验条件下,研究了垃圾肥对土壤和农产品重金属含量的影响。结果表明,当垃圾肥年施用量超过１５０ｔ／ｈｍ２时,土壤中上述重金属含量有一定的增加,但无明显的规律性,基本趋势是随着垃圾肥用量的增加而增加。连续多年施用垃圾肥后,白菜和小麦籽粒中重金属含量与对照相差不大。