微生物菌剂对设施辣椒秸秆原位堆肥土壤理化性质及细菌群落的影响

为明确微生物菌剂对设施废弃秸秆参与原位堆肥的影响,以辣椒秸秆为研究对象,利用实验室常规化学分析方法,测定堆肥理化性质,并通过16srDNA高通量测序技术分析堆肥过程细菌群落。结果表明：外源微生物菌剂可显著提高堆肥期间土壤温度,提高电导率值,促进总氮的固定,有效减少堆肥中期氮素损失。不同发酵时期细菌优势菌种不同,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和异常球菌-栖热菌门（Deinococcus-Thermus）是辣椒秸秆原位堆肥过程在门水平优势细菌。克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和假单孢菌属（Pseudomonas）是属水平优势细菌。微生物菌剂对细菌群落结构的影响主要体现在堆肥升温期和降温期。添加300kg/hm2微生物菌剂处理堆肥最高温度比对照提高1.95℃,和堆肥前相...     

污泥好氧堆肥及桉树施肥试验研究

研究生活污泥腐熟菌株的生长条件,堆肥接种剂L201在pH 7.7及温度58～65℃时生长较好,堆肥接种剂L301的最适生长温度是52～55℃;仓式好氧堆肥的前期通气量较少,中、后期通气量较多。施用有机肥LC301可以加快桉树生长。     

滑子菇渣与猪粪不同配比对堆肥腐殖质组成的影响

【目的】探究不同施肥配比对堆肥腐殖质组成的影响。【方法】以滑子菇渣为基础材料,通过添加不同比例猪粪,对腐殖质的结构进行分析,并筛选滑子菇渣与猪粪堆制有机肥料的最佳配比。【结果】滑子菇渣与猪粪不同配比堆肥的水溶性有机物以及胡敏酸碳的含量均随着堆肥过程先下降,再缓慢上升;胡富比均在15 d时显著下降,随着堆肥进程胡富比有所上升,堆肥结束时处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ(滑子菇渣︰猪粪质量比分别为0︰10,1︰9,3︰7,5︰5和7︰3)的胡富比均显著高于起始值,分别是起始值的7.14、3.23、1.22、4.38和2.52倍,且处理Ⅳ的胡富比处于最佳水平;处理Ⅳ的胡敏素碳含量高于其他处理。【结论】滑子菇渣与猪粪按不同配比堆肥与单施滑子菇渣或单施猪粪处理相比,腐殖质组分有机碳量更具优势,有利于堆肥腐殖质的组成含量及土壤肥力的提高。合适的滑子菇渣与猪粪配比条件下,随着胡富比的增加,土壤腐殖质的聚合程度以及腐殖化度提高。有机物料能够提高各结合形态腐殖质含量,改善土壤有机质结构,滑子菇渣与猪粪质量比为5︰5时,效果相对好于其他处理。     

固定化木质素降解菌对园林废弃物堆肥的影响

  目的  以生物质炭和米糠为载体,将木质素降解菌No.11通过固定化的方式制备促进园林废弃物堆肥腐熟的固体菌剂。  方法  通过单因素试验探究接菌量(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%)、保护剂体积分数(0、4%、8%、12%、16%、20%)、含水率(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%)的优化范围,再通过正交试验在该范围内寻找固体菌剂的最佳制备条件。以市售常见有效微生物复合菌(EM菌)菌剂为对比,将制得的菌剂添加到园林废弃物堆肥中,探究其对木质素、纤维素降解和相关酶活力的影响。  结果  木质素降解菌No.11的最佳固定化条件为:接菌量10%、保护剂体积分数8%、含水率15%,制得的菌剂中有效活菌数达1.26×1011 CFU·g?1。园林废弃物堆肥中添加自制菌剂后木质素降解相关酶(漆酶、锰过氧化物酶、木质素过氧化物酶)的活力均得到提高。与添加EM菌相比,木质素降解率提高8.69%;与不添加菌剂相比,木质素降解率提高23.91%,纤维素降解率提高8.34%,堆肥产品达到腐熟标准。  结论  通过固定化木质素降解菌制备的固体菌剂,其有效活菌数符合GB 20287?2006《农用微生物菌剂》的相关要求,将菌剂添加到园林废弃物堆肥中可提高木质素和纤维素降解率,促进堆肥产品腐熟。图3表3参36     

城市生活垃圾堆肥对春小麦生长和土壤的影响

利用垃圾堆肥作为肥料 ,采用大田试验对春小麦生长和土壤的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明 ,堆肥用量的春小麦试验中 ,每公顷施150t最好 ,产量增幅达25 %。施堆肥提高土壤有机质和养分供应力 ,土壤容重下降 ,偏碱性土壤pH向中性点靠拢。土壤重金属Cu、Zn全量 ,随堆肥用量而递增。作物体内Cu、Zn浓度有增加的趋势 ,表现为根系>籽粒>茎叶。     

Assessing solid waste compost application as a practical approach for salt-affected soil reclamation

Abstract

A short-term pot experiment was made to evaluate the effectiveness of municipal solid waste compost amendment on salt-affected soil. Hordeum maritimum plants were cultivated in pots filled with a clay-loam soil containing 0 or 40 t ha^?1 of compost and irrigated with tap water at 0 or 4 g l^?1 NaCl. Soil properties and heavy metal (Zn^{2 +}, Pb^{2 +}, Cd^{2 +}) accumulation were investigated. Municipal solid waste compost application significantly increased the soil contents of carbon, nitrogen and potassium under both non-saline and saline conditions. Soil heavy metal concentrations increased substantially too, but the recorded values were below the toxicity limits. Interestingly, plants subjected to the salt–compost interaction were more vigorous, compared with those grown on non-amended soil. Altogether, our data indicate that short-term utilization of municipal solid waste compost at 40 t ha^?1 may be of potential interest in the perspective of the rehabilitation of salt-affected soils. Yet, it must be stressed that the present findings are preliminary and need to be further evaluated under field conditions before practical recommendations can be inferred.     

添加烟草废弃物对堆肥腐熟度及抑制线虫作用的影响

以鸡粪和小麦秸秆为堆肥原料,在C/N为25与含水率为60%的条件下采用静态好氧堆肥工艺,研究了不添加烟草废弃物(CK)和在初始期(A)、高温期(B)、一次发酵完成(C)和陈化腐熟后(D)添加1.5%(干重质量比)烟草废弃物对堆体发酵温度、总碳(TC)、发芽率指数(GI)和根结线虫校正死亡率的影响。结果表明:添加烟草废弃物会降低堆肥发酵过程的温度,影响微生物对有机物料的分解,不利于堆肥物料的快速腐熟。CK处理的GI值在19d时已超过腐熟度标准80%的要求,而添加烟草的处理A、B和C的GI值在19d时仍低于80%;在处理45d时处理CK、A、B、C和D的GI值分别为102.6%、95.6%、85.8%、83.4%和70.4%;这表明烟草废弃物对植物生长具有一定的抑制作用。烟草废弃物和处理C与D堆肥产品浸出液的线虫校正致死率都达到了100%;而处理CK、A和B堆肥产品浸出液的线虫校正致死率依次为44.4%、28.2%和70.0%;这表明烟草废弃物经过发酵的时间越长,对线虫的抑制效果就越差;在堆肥一次发酵完成后添加烟草废弃物,不但可避免其对堆肥进程和植物生长的不利影响,而且经过陈化腐熟后仍能保持对根结线虫的抑制作用。     

污泥农用对药用植物紫花茉莉品质和土壤环境的影响

利用广州市大坦沙污水处理厂的脱水污泥进行堆肥,将污泥堆肥用于药用植物紫花茉莉栽培,研究污泥的农用对药用植物生长、药用品质以及土壤养分和主要重金属等土壤环境的影响。结果表明,污泥堆肥不同用量处理与对照相比,紫花茉莉的株高增加了6.7%～20%,茎围增加了16%～36%,块根干物量增加了9.6%～28%,茎叶干物量增加了19%～37%。污泥的农用使紫花茉莉植株增加了Zn、Ca的累积,显著地提高了紫花茉莉块根的药用功能,不同处理土壤Zn含量比对照增加了14%～86%。土壤Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni含量却没有明显变化。     

Evaluation of New Container Media for Aglaonema Production

Mandated processing of waste by‐products in the United States has inspired national interest in addressing the effectiveness of using composted biosolids and yard trimmings to grow containerized plants. Diamond bay Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema ‘Diamond Bay’) was transplanted in containers filled with one of eight formulated media (components added by volume). Medium 1 was a standard mix commonly used in Aglaonema production (5:2:3 peat–vermiculite–perlite); medium 2 was formulated on site to contain peat–bark–stalite–rice hulls–coir (2:2:3:1:2); media 3 and 4 contained 40% biosolid–yard waste compost instead of peat and with or without 20% stalite, respectively; and media 5, 6, 7, and 8 were commercially formulated to contain peat–bark–perlite–rice hulls–coir (4:1.5:2.5:1:1, 4:1.5:2.5:1:1, 4:2:2:1:1, and 3.0:2.5:2:1:1.5, respectively). Physical and chemical properties of the eight media were in ranges 50–65% container water‐holding capacity, 2.9–7.8% air‐filled porosity, 55–80% moisture (w/w), 0.11–0.37 g·cm³ bulk density, 0.34–0.96 g·cm³ particle density, 4.2–7.2 pH, 0.12–4.4 dS·m^?1 electrical conductivity (EC), 27.3–54.5 meg/100 g cation exchange capacity (CEC), 17.9–39.0% carbon (C), and 0.22–1.7% nitrogen (N). Medium 4 (40% compost) had 5.5 times more ammoniacal N (NH₄‐N) and 1.7 times more nitrate N (NO₃‐N) than that of the standard commercial mix. At week 8, plants grown in media 2 and 5 were 8.9% to 9.5% taller than plants grown in medium 1 (commercial standard). At week 16, there were no significant differences in plant heights or growth indices among media. At week 24, there were no significant differences in plant height, growth index, visual quality, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight among media. However, cumulative phosphorus (P) leaching from media 1, 4, and 5 was significantly more than leaching from media 2 and 8. This study suggests that compost may serve as a horticulturally suitable and cost‐effective alternative to peat‐based media for Aglaonema production.