Effects of feeding rates on growth and production of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp polycultured in fertilized ponds

Abstract In an attempt to identify appropriate feeding rates for multispecies of fish raised in fertilized earthen ponds, the present work was conducted over a 19‐week experimental period to establish the growth performance, production and body composition of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp fed 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0% biomass and to apparent satiation (treatments). Twelve ponds were stocked with a similar number and weight of each fish species. Two ponds were assigned to each of the treatments, and a 25% protein pelleted fish feed was used to feed fish at the specified rate of feeding. At the end of the experiment, growth, weight gain, survival, yield and body composition of fish groups were affected by the treatments. The economic effectiveness also varied among treatments. The most conspicuous attribute of the feeding rates was its lack of influence on growth (g day^?1), weight gain (g per fish), yield (kg ha^?1) or body composition of silver carp. The results of whole‐body proximate analysis indicated that various feeding rates had either an irregular pattern or no effects on the protein and ash gain per 100 g of fish body weight (bw) gain. The most notable exceptions were significant (P < 0.05) increases in body fat and gross energy gains in Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp accompanied by decreases in percentages of moisture (but not in silver carp) as feeding rate increased. Among the six different feeding levels, feeding to apparent satiation (feed amount was equivalent to 2.67% of fish bw day^?1) appeared to be optimal, as it significantly (P < 0.05) supported the highest fish production, income and net profit compared with all other treatments except for the 3% feeding level, for which the differences in those measurements were comparable.     

灭幼脲和氟幼灵防治榆紫叶甲的研究

榆紫叶甲是我国榆树的毁灭性害虫。该虫分布广，密度大，食性单一，常年成灾，给防治带来困难。为了避免常规杀虫剂造成的“１年控制，２年发生，３年成灾”的被动局面，利用昆虫生长调节剂灭幼脲Ⅲ号胶悬剂及油剂和氟幼灵胶悬剂及油剂进行防治，可同时杀死幼虫，成虫和卵。灭幼脲Ⅲ号油剂和氟幼灵油剂可杀卵８５％－９０％左右。两种药剂的胶悬剂和油剂均可杀死幼虫９５％－８４％－９０％，卵的孵化率降为１０．６４％－１９．５７     

Imperfect Competition and Common Resource Exploitation—An Analysis of Renewable Resource Management with Non—use Values

This article analyzes the importance of non-use values in the management of natural resources with a model of imperfect competition.By constucting a framework of duopolistic exploiters.the incorporation of non-use values based on self-interest and altruistic motives appears to be significant for determining the degree of inefficiency caused by the problem of common property at the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium.It is found that when the non-use value placed by the altruist exploiter is bounded by that placed by the pure selfinterest exploiter,the effect of market power is dominated by the effect of common exploitation.In this case,the exploiters‘ harvesting strategy will response in the same direction to the change of each other‘s harvesting at the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium.In contrast,when the non-use value placed by the altruist is substantially larger or smaller than that placed by the self-interest exploiter,one exploiter‘s increase in harvesting will lead to a decrease in harvesting of the other exploiter at the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium.     

饲粮中添加抗菌肽对肉鸭增重及血清尿素氮、总蛋白水平的影响

240只1日龄肉鸭随机成分4组,每组设3个重复,对照组用基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮上每千克分别添加1、2、3mL抗菌肽制剂。结果显示:1)2、3mL/kg添加量组增重效果显著(P<0.05),3mL/kg添加量组最佳;净肉率升高,达到显著水平(P<0.05),其中主要是胸肌率上升;腹脂率降低但差异不显著(P>0.05);料重比无显著变化(P>0.05)。2)血清总蛋白浓度差异不显著(P>0.05),但尿素氮浓度下降,2、3mL/kg添加量组达显著水平(P<0.05),3mL/kg添加量组最低。     

两岸高校科技电子资源的共享策略与合作模式

信息技术的发展给两岸高校图书馆带来一种全新的网络环境，也使两岸高校图书馆生存、服务方式、技术手段发生深刻变化。根据两岸高校图书馆发展现状，我们提出了两岸高校科技电子资源的共享策略与合作模式。     

鲤鱼脱脂方法的研究

分别采用水漂洗、有机溶剂浸提、脂肪酶酶解的方法对鲤鱼鱼肉进行脱脂。试验结果表明,水漂洗法中,清水漂洗效果最优;有机溶剂浸提法中,异丙醇脱脂效果最佳,并对其采用正交试验方案对异丙醇脱脂工艺进行优化,得到最佳试验条件是:脱水时间30 m in,脱脂时间110 m in,温度为75℃,溶剂添加量为50 g;脂肪酶脱脂试验得出最佳条件是加酶量40 U/m l,酶作用时间50 m in。3种方法中,脂肪酶脱脂效果最佳。     

Dietary rice improves growth performance,mucosal enzyme activities and plasma urea nitrogen in weaning piglets

In this study, we evaluated the nutritional functions of rice for weaning piglets. Sixteen weaning piglets with an average initial weight of 7.2 kg were divided into two groups. One group was fed a corn‐soybean meal based diet, and the other was fed a rice‐soybean meal based diet, containing 50% corn and rice, respectively. A 2 weeks growth trial was conducted and growth performance, intestinal mucosal enzyme activities and plasma urea nitrogen were measured. The average daily gain in rice‐fed piglets was significantly higher than that in corn‐fed piglets and the average daily feed intake tended to be higher in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets. Maltase and aminopeptidase activities (mol/g tissue) in the jejunum in rice‐fed piglets were significantly higher than those in corn‐fed piglets, although these enzyme activities were not different in the duodenum. Sucrase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV activities in the two groups were not different in either the duodenum or jejunum. Although the feed (nitrogen) intake was higher in rice‐fed piglets, the plasma urea nitrogen in rice‐fed piglets was significantly lower (P = 0.006) than that in corn‐fed piglets. These results indicate that rice is a good alternative feedstuff for the diet of weaning piglets.     

一种新型缓释尿素替代日粮中部分豆粕对肉牛生长性能、养分消化率及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究一种新型缓释尿素替代日粮中部分豆粕对肉牛生长性能、养分消化率及血液生化指标的影响。选择18头健康、体重相近(315±5)kg、7月龄左右生长期西门塔尔杂交公牛,随机分为豆粕组、缓释尿素组和普通尿素组3组,每组6头牛。豆粕组饲喂含11.12%豆粕(粗蛋白质(CP)为15.51%、干物质(DM)为48.06%)的试验日粮(精粗比4∶6)。按照等能等氮原则,缓释尿素组和普通尿素组饲喂含缓释尿素和普通尿素分别占各自日粮的1.41%和1.15%,即2个试验组分别用缓释尿素和普通尿素替代豆粕组日粮中75%豆粕。预试期14 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:①各组间平均日增重和料重比均无显著差异(P>0.05),但缓释尿素组和普通尿素组的平均日采食量(ADMI)显著低于豆粕组(P<0.05)。②缓释尿素组和普通尿素组的干物质和有机物(OM)表观消化率显著高于豆粕组(P<0.05);缓释尿素组粗蛋白质的表观消化率显著低于普通尿素组(P<0.05),但与豆粕组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);普通尿素组粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率最低,豆粕组最高,各组间均存在显著差异(P<0.05);各处理组间的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。③与豆粕组相比,缓释尿素替代日粮中部分豆粕未对肉牛各项血液生化指标产生影响(P>0.05);缓释尿素组的白蛋白(ALB)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)均显著高于普通尿素组(P<0.05)。由上述结果可知,缓释尿素和普通尿素可替代日粮中部分豆粕应用于肉牛生产中,且缓释尿素替代豆粕效果优于普通尿素。     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

小麦及其部分近缘种属Puroindolines蛋白的分离与检测*

通过对104份普通小麦（Tritium aestivum）及其近缘种属材料puroindolines蛋白（包括PinA和PinB）的初步研究，提出一种改进的Urea-SDS-PAGE凝胶系统用于此蛋白的分离和检测。结果表明，和普通的SDS-PAGE相比，可以清晰地分开PinA和PinB，分辨率较高，检测效果较好。改进的凝胶系统也可用于其它蛋白，特别是小分子量且等电点和分子量相近蛋白组分的分离和检测。在所分析的材料中，普通小麦的PinA和PinB蛋白变异较丰富，斯卑尔脱小麦（T.aestivum ssp．spelta）、密穗小麦（T.aestivum ssp．compactum）、西藏半野生小麦（T.aestivum ssp．tibeticum）和山羊草（Aegilops tauschii）中未发现变异；野生二粒小麦（T.turgidum var．dicoccides）、长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum elongamm）未检测出puroindolines蛋白。