基于组合赋权的改进尼梅罗指数法在地下水水质评价中的应用

针对传统尼梅罗指数法中单项组分评分值Fi不连续,以及过分突出各单项组分最大评分值Fmax的问题,以熵权法和二项系数法组合赋权的方式对尼梅罗指数法进行改进,并以彭州川西气田部分水质检测结果为基础进行水质评价。评价结果表明,改进的尼梅罗指数法解决了传统方法中Fi值不连续和过分突出Fmax的问题,评价结果符合实际且在5个水质级别中的分布更加连续、均匀。     

联合预处理方法对玉米秸秆厌氧消化产气的 影响研究进展

我国玉米（Zea mays）秸秆年产量居世界之首,具有来源广、产量高的特点。厌氧消化产气是 玉米秸秆高效利用的重要途径之一。玉米秸秆主要成分包括纤维素、半纤维素和木质素,其复杂的三维 网络结构对其厌氧发酵产生极大的阻碍作用,导致产期周期长、产气量和生物降解率偏低等问题。为了 提高玉米秸秆的消化率,首先需要通过一定的预处理技术高效破坏其紧密结构,从而提高玉米秸秆的生 物再利用性。目前,秸秆的预处理方法有物理预处理、化学预处理、生物预处理以及联合预处理方法等。 文章在简单介绍玉米秸秆主要成分及含量的基础上,概述了当前玉米秸秆联合预处理方法,并分析了其 对玉米秸秆厌氧消化产气的影响。     

水平沟整地措施对黄土丘陵区草原土壤水分动态平衡的影响

三峡水库消落带是库区水域与周边陆地环境的关键过渡地带,周期性反季节干湿交替使其具有强烈的物质交换特征。辨析消落带泥沙及其吸附的颗粒态磷的来源对消落带土壤污染防治和环境效应评估以及三峡水环境保护具有重要意义。以三峡库区汝溪河支流不同高程（145～155、>155～165、>165～175 m）消落带为研究对象,运用复合指纹技术查明,消落带泥沙中颗粒态磷的主要来源是长江干流悬移质和汝溪河上游悬移质。淹水期间长江干流江水顶托引起的泥沙沉积是颗粒态磷的主要来源,在>165～175 m高程带对颗粒态磷的贡献达到最大（54.5%）。雨季初期支流上游悬移质对145～155 m高程消落带的颗粒态磷贡献最大（51.6%）,而随高程的增加贡献率减少。消落带上方的土壤侵蚀产沙主要堆积在>155～165和>165～175 m高程范围内,导致消落带上方土壤对泥沙和颗粒态磷的贡献率都随高程的增加而增加。     

单垄单行甘薯联合收获机薯秧分离机构设计与参数优化

针对中国甘薯联合收获机作业薯秧分离机构分离不彻底、甘薯损伤数量多、茎秆缠绕机具部件等亟待解决的问题,该文基于自走式甘薯联合收获机设计了一种结构简单、摘净率高、伤薯率低以及防茎秆缠绕的薯秧分离机构。根据设计计算确定了分离机构结构参数,其中挖掘输送装置总长度为2050mm,水平倾角为24°;主动轴和摘辊半径分别为18、36 mm;输送装置下层杆条与摘辊间距为27 mm,最上端与摘辊之间距离为251 mm。经过理论分析明确了甘薯的运动特性及其影响作业质量的主要工作参数机具前进速度、主动轴转速、输送装置水平倾角。通过薯秧分离试验发现在甘薯收获期薯秧分离力与其含水率变化规律符合二次函数关系,进一步开展田间试验借助Box-BenhnKen的中心组合设计方法选取主要工作参数对摘净率和损伤率的影响并作试验设计,以此为基础开展三因素三水平一次回归正交试验。在DESIGNEXPERT中使用响应曲面法分析各因素对摘净率和损伤率影响效应并对回归模型的参数进行优化。当田间试验取最优参数组合机具前进速度1.2 m/s、主动轴转速895 r/min、输送装置水平倾角24°时,摘净率和损伤率分别为98.14%、2.76%,分离效果满足甘薯收获要求。该研究也为其他土下果实联合收获作业果秧分离机构提供思路。     

AFLP fingerprinting of Anchusa (Boraginaceae) in the Corso-Sardinian system: Genetic diversity, population differentiation and conservation priorities in an insular endemic group threatened with extinction

Although several plants endemic to Corsica and Sardinia are included in various redlists, no attempts have been made to analyse their genetic diversity with molecular techniques. Genus Anchusa occurs with seven taxa in either mountain or coastal habitats of the two islands, but the very restricted range and low population size pose these endemisms in a very precarious conservation status. Highly variable markers (AFLP) were therefore used to analyse the patterns and levels of genetic diversity in a sample of 11 populations from the entire range of the group.Results indicate the separation between a mountain genic pool including Anchusa formosa, Anchusa capellii and Anchusa montelinasana, and four groups of coastal accessions. In spite of small size, mountain taxa show low interpopulation differentiation (F_st = 0.02) and relatively high intrapopulation genetic variation (0.365), while coastal accessions showed on average a stronger differentiation (mean F_st = 0.20) and a lower diversity (0.281), possibly due to higher rates of inbreeding. The particularly low levels of variation found in A. sardoa, A. littorea and A. crispa ssp. maritima from the Coghinas bay are likely due to a historical decrease of populations and to bottleneck events caused by loss of habitat and natural stochastic factors on sand dune ecosystems. While habitat maintenance and regulation of grazing by domestic herbivores should be sufficient to ensure the persistence of the mountain endemics, additional actions of in situ and ex situ conservation are needed for the critically endangered coastal species A. sardoa and A. littorea. A. crispa showed a relatively high variation, especially on Corsica. No correlation between population size and genetic variation was found in the latter species, highlighting the importance of the small patches for its conservation. Also, the genetic separation between subspecies crispa and maritima stresses the need of keeping them distinct in redlists and conservation actions on Sardinia.     

长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮量及酶活性的影响

通过对山西省寿阳长期定位试验田0―20 cm和20―40 cm的土壤测定和分析,探讨了长期有机无机肥配施下褐土微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性的变化以及相关性。结果表明,褐土微生物生物量C、N变化基本一致。褐土微生物生物量碳、氮从0―20 cm到20―40 cm土层均呈减少趋势;长期单施高量有机肥、有机无机肥合理配施都能提高褐土微生物生物量碳、氮;不同用量的长期单施化肥处理不能使微生物生物量C、N显著增加。脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性从0―20 cm到20―40 cm土层呈减少趋势;长期单施高量有机肥和有机无机肥合理配施可使褐土脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性增加。脲酶活性随单施化肥量的增加有变大趋势,而碱性磷酸酶活性则呈变小趋势。土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤酶活性及土壤养分之间的显著相关性表明,微生物生物量C、N和土壤酶活性可以判断褐土土壤有机质和N素状况,可作为评价褐土土壤肥力水平和土壤培肥效果的生物学指标,同时也可为提高褐土土壤肥力水平和土壤培肥效果提供依据。     

八倍体草莓DNA指纹图谱的构建与初步遗传分析

为对草莓品种进行分子鉴定,从59对SSR引物中筛选出18对多态性好的引物,采用毛细管电泳检测方法对84份八倍体草莓品种进行标记分析,检测每个标记等位变异大小,并进行初步遗传分析。将每个引物对84份草莓扩增的带型按照一定原则进行数字标注,为了简化编码,引物P1~P18分别编号为字母A~R,将引物编号与相应的带型编码进行组合得到该样品在特定引物的扩增产物编码,按照18对引物顺序串联这些编码形成该品种的DNA指纹图谱。结果表明:18对SSR引物共扩增得到多态性条带150个,不同引物扩增到多态性条带数4~17个,共检测到377个带型;各引物的多态性信息含量(PIC)值为0.494~0.908,平均值为 0.738;利用18对SSR引物共构建了84个草莓品种的DNA指纹图谱。聚类分析结果表明:在遗传相似系数为0.99时能将所有品种区分开,一些来源相同的品种被优先聚在一起。综上,本研究成功构建84个草莓品种的DNA指纹图谱,这些品种遗传关系较近。     

Influence of two-stage harvesting on the properties of cold-pressed rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) oils

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) harvesting method is critical since it significantly determines the seed yield, oil quality, and industrial efficiency. This study investigated the influences of harvesting methods on the quality of cold-pressed rapeseed oil of two varieties. Oil color, peroxide value (POV), tocopherol content, fatty acid composition, and polarity of total polyphenols (PTP) contents of two rapeseed varieties in Huanggang and Xiangyang were compared through artificially simulated combined harvesting and two-stage harvesting. Results showed significant differences in the quality of rapeseed oil between the two harvesting methods. The red value (R-value), POV, total tocopherol contents, linoleic and linolenic acid content, and PTP content of the pressed rapeseed oil prepared by the combined harvesting method were about 27.6, 5.7, 15.8, 2.0, 0.5, and 28.6% lower than those of the oil produced from the two-stage harvesting method, respectively. Xiangyang and Huayouza62 performed better in the two regions and two varieties, respectively. To sum up, the rapeseed oil obtained 41–44 days after final flowering of combined harvesting, 35 days after final flowering, and six days of post-ripening of the two-stage harvesting had the best quality.     

打捆秸秆干湿联合发酵工艺技术研究

为充分利用厌氧干发酵工艺批次处理能力强并有效克服其物料发酵不彻底导致的产气效率低的难题,引入干湿联合厌氧发酵工艺。以水稻秸秆和新鲜猪粪为发酵原料,在35℃及发酵底物初始TS浓度为20%条件下进行厌氧干发酵,其中一组处理在实验第20 d时用纯净水将发酵底物TS浓度调节为9%改为湿发酵,两者对比结果表明:相比于干发酵,该干湿联合厌氧发酵工艺可有效提高稻秸纤维素和半纤维素的降解率,其中纤维素降解率可由20.5%提高到31.1%,半纤维素降解率可由48%提高到54.8%,虽对产气中甲烷含量影响不大,但试验周期内物料累积产气量可提高19%以上。