Air Drying Affects Extractable Sulfate in Soils of Variable Charge: Test of Two Extraction and Two Quantification Methods

Abstract

Fertilizer recommendations need to be based on reliable soil sulfate determinations. Airdrying samples changes irreversibly many properties of soils with variable charge and might affect the extractable sulfate. In this study, sulfate extracted from air‐dry and field‐moist samples was compared. Two extracting solutions [water and 00.1 M Ca(H₂PO₄) ₂] and two quantification methods (turbidimetry and ion chromatography) were assayed on A and B horizon samples of five Humic Acrisols from southeast Mexico. Air drying increased water‐extractable sulfate in Ah horizons, whereas in Bt horizons, it increased the 00.1 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂‐extractable sulfate. Airdrying increased dissolved organic carbon contents in all samples and increased soil acidity and oxalate extractable iron in 70 and 60% of the samples, respectively. Results showed larger coefficients of variation in air‐dried samples. Turbidimetry resulted less sensible than ion chromatography. To enhance sensitivity and reproducibility, particularly organic soil samples should be analyzed field‐moist and by ion chromatography.     

Reduction of ferric chelate caused by various wood-rot fungi

The reduction of ferric chelate caused by various wood-rot fungi was analyzed. Ferric chelate reductive activity was detected in cell-free extracts of seven wood-rot fungi:Phanerochaete chrysosporium, P. sordida YK-624,Ganoderma sp. YK-505,Coriolus versicolor, Bjerkandera adusta, Tyromyces palustris, andGloeophyllum trabeum. These fungi produced NADPH- or NADH-dependent ferric chelate reductive enzymes (or both) of different molecular weight. In the liquid culture ofP. sordida YK-624 andC. versicolor, a positive correlation was observed between extracellular MnP activity and intracellular NADPH-dependent ferric chelate reductive activity.     

不同CDE模型对硒在黄绵土中运移特性的模拟研究

污染物在土体运移是影响土体和地下水污染的一个重要的因素。为了研究不同因素对亚硒酸根离子在土体中运移的影响,在室内不同实验条件下,采用垂直土柱易混置换法对亚硒酸根离子在黄绵土土柱中的运移进行了研究,获得了不同容重及不同土柱高度条件下亚硒酸根离子的穿透曲线,通过STANMOD软件,应用确定性平衡CDE数学模型和确定性非平衡两区模型对穿透曲线进行拟合,研究结果表明:容重增大,阻滞因子R值减小,弥散系数D值则是先增大后减小;随着土柱高度的增加,弥散系数D值减小,而阻滞因子R变化不大。非平衡两区模型对于亚硒酸根离子运移参数的拟合优于平衡模型。穿透曲线能较好地反映出离子在土壤中运移的参数值,曲线越靠近y轴、初始穿透时间越小则弥散系数D越大;曲线越平缓则R值越大。     

新型大球包膜控释肥在土壤中的淋溶特征

通过土柱淋溶模拟试验研究果树专用新型大球包膜控释肥在土体中的淋溶特征以及对土壤淋滤液pH、EC变化和N、P、K、Mg等养分淋失的影响.结果表明,新型大球包膜控释肥处理淋滤液pH值显著高于未包膜肥料处理,但与不施肥处理和其他2种控释肥处理差异不显著.在整个淋溶过程中,新型大球包膜控释肥处理淋滤液EC值和淋滤液中无机态氮、水溶性磷、水溶性钾含量在淋溶前期显著低于速效肥料处理,但在淋溶后期显著高于其他2种控释肥处理.新型大球包膜控释肥无机态氮、水溶性磷和水溶性钾的淋溶损失率分别为38.72％,1.91％和24.76％.新型大球包膜控释肥与未包膜肥料相比显著减少了养分的淋溶损失,降低了施肥对地下水质的影响.     

Reaction of sewage farm soils to different irrigation solutions in a column experiment 2. Heavy metals and their leaching

Heavy metal polluted soils from a recent and a former sewage farm were studied in a 2.5 years‐column experiment under various irrigation regimes and/or liming treatment. The copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the soil and the leaching of these elements were studied. The amounts of the metals leached differed markedly between both soils, however, the effect of various irrigation treatments was less pronounced. The heavy metal content in the soil solid phase depended on the organic carbon content, however these dependencies differed for both soils as well as for particular metals. In lower soil horizons, the amount of heavy metals bound by unit mass of organic carbon was constant. It was assumed that the same amount of the heavy metals can be bound by the unit mass of the DOC. Under this assumption the amount of the DOC in the former sewage farm soil was in general too small to carry all heavy metals leached. Therefore leaching of their cationic forms has been postulated. The amount of the DOC in the present sewage farm soil could carry more heavy metals than these being leached. Therefore, an undersaturation of the DOC in heavy metals could occur in this soil.<?show $6#>     

阴/非表面活性剂对菲污染砂土柱淋洗研究

采用玻璃土柱法比较研究了1000、2000、3000和4000mg·L^-1的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）、非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐单油酸酯（Tween80）及不同质量配比的混合表面活性剂（SDBS-Tween80）（S∶T=1∶1、1∶2和1∶4）对砂土中菲的柱淋洗。结果表明,SDBS对菲的淋洗曲线总体上呈现先上升到峰值而后下降的变化规律,且呈锯齿形波动;而Tween80与SDBS-Tween80对菲的淋洗曲线具有相似的规律,即淋出液中菲浓度随表面活性剂淋洗液孔隙体积数增大呈现急剧增大、达到峰值后逐渐降低的趋势。淋洗结束时（菲流出浓度接近于0时）,不同浓度的Tween80和SDBS-Tween80对菲的总去除率均可达90.5%以上,而4000mg·L^-1的SDBS对菲的总去除率则仅为76.4%。此外,随着Tween80或SDBS-Tween80浓度增大,菲浓度峰值增大,开始有菲淋出时,菲浓度峰值以及菲流出浓度接近于0时对应的孔隙体积数均减小。菲浓度峰值与表面活性剂浓度呈正相关,累积孔隙体积数与表面活性剂浓度呈负相关。在淋出液累计孔隙体积数相同时,同种表面活性剂对菲的去除率与表面活性剂浓度呈正相关。     

Determination of Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate in Peat

Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a prokaryotic energy reserve material that has been used as an indicator of environmental stress in aquatic bacteria. The following technique has been used to quantify PHA in peatland microorganisms. Peat samples were dried, digested in sulphuric acid to convert PHA into crotonic acid, and the resulting acid determined using organic acid high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) detection at 214 nm. This technique is suggested to have potential value as an indicator of environmental stress on peatland microorganisms, such as that caused by summer drought, or changes in soil nutrient availability, which are predicted consequences of climatic change.     

基于高效液相色谱指纹图谱的玛咖及其制品真实性识别

玛咖及其制品的真实性是保障品质的关键。为了研究玛咖及其制品的差异,对玛咖制品进行真实性鉴别,分别以不同产地、色型的玛咖及玛咖制品为供试材料,对其进行高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)指纹图谱不同识别方法的研究。采用Waters Symmetry Shield TM C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱,检测波长210 nm,体积流量0.80 m L/min,各成分得到较好分离。经方法学验证,方法具有较好的精密度、重复性和稳定性。对19个玛咖样品和6个玛咖制品HPLC指纹图谱进行分析,确定了15个色谱峰为玛咖和其制品的特征指纹峰,建立了玛咖及其制品的指纹图谱。以数字化指纹图谱为基础,分别进行主成分分析、判别分析和相似度分析。结果表明,3种方法均能使玛咖与玛咖制品得到较为一致的模式识别结果。主成分二维平面图和判别分析能够区分玛咖和玛咖制品,具有简便、直观的特点,玛咖与玛咖制品相似度分析差异显著(P0.05),分别为0.916和0.668,不同来源和色型的玛咖、玛咖制品间相似度均无显著差异(P0.05)。结果显示玛咖制品具有玛咖的特征峰,但含量存在差异。3种方法均能准确地体现指纹图谱的一致性和特征性,为玛咖和玛咖制品的区分及玛咖制品真实性保障提供了参考。利用HPLC指纹图谱可对玛咖及其制品的真实性进行鉴别。     

Quantification of Inorganic Anions in Tea (Camellia Sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) Tissues and Soil Using Ion Chromatography Coupled with Conductivity Detector

A simple ion chromatographic method is proposed for the simultaneous quantification of five inorganic anions in samples derived from tea system with a suppressed conductivity detector. For this purpose extracts of leaves, roots and soils of tea obtained at room temperature yielded chromatographic profiles with substantial differences in the relative contents of fluoride (F^?), chloride (Cl^?), nitrate (NO₃^?) and sulfate (SO₄ ^2-). Although Cl^? and SO₄^2- were common to each extracted sample in different categories and accounted for the majority of the anions present, one additional anion peak was detected in root and leaf tissues. Irrespective of the clone and sample investigated the average F^? content varied from 253 to 1664 mg kg^?1, Cl^? varied between 60 and 1789 mg kg^?1, NO₃^? varied from 119 to 188 mg kg^?1 and SO₄^2- varied between 55 and 6779 mg kg^?1. The anionic load was at its crest in clone UPASI – 3 in all the three categories of samples with few exceptions. Among the samples investigated, tea roots contained a considerable amount of major anions, while tea soils had the lowest amount of the detected anions. The recovery of all the quantified anions was above 95%. The correlation coefficient for all anions where above 99.50%. The concentration of nitrite (NO₂^?) was below the limits of detection based on the analytical technique adopted. Anion nitrate was not detected in tea root and tea leaf extracts.     

基于离子排斥色谱的饲料酸化剂中多种有机酸同步检测

为了规范饲用酸化剂的使用和管理,建立一种快速、准确的多种有机酸同步检测方法应需而生。该文以实现饲料酸化剂中多种有机酸的同步检测为目标,基于离子排斥色谱技术,对饲料酸化剂中多种有机酸(柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乳酸、甲酸、乙酸、富马酸、丙酸和丁酸)的检测条件进行了优化研究。研究采用Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H(300mm×7.8 mmΦ,9μm)离子排斥色谱柱及二极管阵列检测器,以硫酸溶液作为流动相,比较了不同流动相浓度、不同柱温、不同流动相流速、不同检测波长等色谱条件对同步检测饲料酸化剂中9中有机酸的影响;以上述优选的条件建立分析方法,考察此方法的线性范围和检出限、回收率和精密度,并用实际样品进行了验证。研究结果表明:以0.025 mol/L硫酸溶液为流动相,流速0.70 m L/min,柱温30℃,DAD检测波长为210 nm,以保留时间结合待测物质的紫外特征吸收光谱进行定性分析,外标法进行定量分析。9种有机酸组分的质量浓度与其峰面积在一定范围内呈良好线性关系,决定系数0.999,9种有机酸组分在20 min内可以得到良好分离;方法检出限为0.01~2.4 mg/L,加标回收率为90.7%~101.1%,相对标准偏差为0.91%~3.33%。基于上述条件建立的检测方法能够满足饲料酸化剂中多种有机酸成分的同步定量分析。