氮肥运筹对潮土冬小麦/夏玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响

为探究适宜于黄淮潮土区的合理氮肥运筹方式,为中国化肥施用量零增长目标提供理论依据和技术支撑,在黄淮潮土农田定位试验地研究了氮肥运筹对冬小麦/夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及经济效益的影响。试验设置4种氮肥运筹方式:基施控失尿素(T1)、基施普通尿素+追施普通尿素(T2)、基施控失尿素+追施普通尿素(T3)和基施普通尿素+追施控失尿素(T4),各氮肥运筹方式均包含0、80、160和240 kg·hm~(-2)(以N计,下同)4个施氮水平。结果表明,随施氮量增加,平均单季籽粒产量、周年产值及周年纯效益均表现为先增加后降低趋势,而氮肥利用效率则表现为逐渐降低趋势,其中以160 kg·hm~(-2)时效果较优。T1处理小麦季籽粒产量、周年产量、周年产值及周年纯经济效益均显著高于其他3个处理。效益分析表明,虽然T1处理在等氮条件下氮肥投入成本相对较高,但其较其他氮肥运筹减少了追肥人工成本,加之该处理产量相对较高,最终该处理纯效益相对较高。结合施氮量与产量曲线方程,在160～173 kg·hm~(-2)施用范围内一次性基施控失尿素符合当前研究地区农村劳动力缺乏的实际情况,且能保证产量收益。     

河南省玉米施肥效应对基础地力的响应

[目的]整理2005 2013年在河南省布置的885个玉米“3414”田间试验,分析不同地力水平下玉米施肥后的增产效果、经济效益及氮、磷、钾肥利用效率,明确不同地力水平下河南省玉米施肥效应,为科学施肥提供理论依据。[方法]选取其中5个处理CK(N0P0K0)、N(N0P2K2)、P(N2P0K2)、K(N2P2K0)和NPK(N2P2K2)的试验结果。按CK处理产量将供试885个试验地土壤基础地力划分为<4 t/hm^2、4~6 t/hm^2、6~8t/hm^2、>8 t/hm^2四个水平,收集了玉米施用氮、磷、钾肥的增产量、增产率、产值、施肥成本、施肥利润和产投比,计算了各施肥处理的农学效率、偏生产力、肥料贡献率、地力贡献率。[结果]四个地力水平的试验地样本量分别占总样本的15.35%、49.42%、29.42%、5.81%。NPK处理的增产量在四个地力水平下依次为3.04、2.49、1.88和1.12 t/hm^2,且各地力水平间差异显著。增产率表现出和增产量一样的变化趋势,且下降趋势更明显。基础地力产量<4 t/hm^2时,NPK处理的增产率平均达93.23%,而基础地力产量>8 t/hm^2仅为14.44%。在施肥经济效益方面,各施肥处理的产值、施肥利润及产投比均随地力水平的提高而升高,各地力水平间差异显著。其中NPK处理的产值、施肥利润及产投比在地力产量<4 t/hm^2时分别为10238元/hm^2、8862元/hm^2和5.75,在基础地力产量>8 t/hm^2时分别为15407元/hm^2、13736元/hm^2和8.05。河南省土壤地力对玉米产量的贡献率平均为69.99%,各地力水平下的地力贡献率随地力水平的提高而显著提高,四个地力水平的地力贡献率平均依次为53.24%、67.68%、78.80%和86.63%。土壤氮素、磷素、钾素地力贡献率平均分别为78.32%(40.72%~100%)、88.47%(70.40%~100%)、90.02%(78.27%~99.31%),总体以钾地力贡献率最大,磷地力贡献率次之,氮地力贡献率最小。从地力水平变化的角度来看,氮素、磷素、钾素地力贡献率均随地力水平的提高而逐渐增高,其中各地力水平下土壤氮素的地力贡献率分别为65.08%(<4 t/hm^2)、77.04%(4~6 t/hm^2)、85.32%(6~8 t/hm^2)、90.47%(>8 t/hm^2)。不同地力水平下各施肥处理的偏生产力随地力水平的提高而显著升高,农学效率和肥料贡献率总体随地力水平的提高而下降,说明提高基础地力可降低玉米产量对外源肥料的依赖性。[结论]提高土壤基础地力能够促进玉米增产、增收,降低玉米对外源肥料的依赖。河南省玉米生产中应重视土壤培肥,并根据不同地力水平合理施肥以保证玉米高产稳产、提高养分利用效率、节本增收。     

CONTROLLED-RELEASE UREA FOR RICE PRODUCTION AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS

Controlled-release urea (CRU) and its placement method in rice production were investigated during 2007 and 2008 seasons. Controlled-release urea was applied at 62.5, 125, and 187.5 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1, and the urea was 187.5 kg N ha^?1. All the CRU treatments were applied to the nursery beds once, and they were brought into the paddy field during transplanting, while the urea treatment was split into three applications from the plowing to the harvest. The results showed that rice seedlings with CRUs germinated and grow well and there was no salt damage at the nursery stage. The CRU treatment with 125 kg N ha^?1 had 33% less N than urea treatment (187.50 kg N ha^?1), but it produced significantly higher grain and straw yields, higher total N uptake and total apparent N uptake efficiency. In addition, all the CRU treatments effectively decreased floodwater ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N and nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-N concentrations, pH, and N runoff.     

早熟芋艿平衡施肥技术研究

通过两年芋艿施肥田间试验，表明获得早熟芋艿高产、高效的施肥方案为N448．5kg／hm^2，P2O5 52．5kg／hm^2，K2O 180-270kg／hm^2，N-P2O5-K2O比例为1：0．12：0．40-0．60，并推荐有机无机复合肥与化肥配合施用，以获得更高的产量和效益。早熟芋艿生育期短，施用充足的氮肥才能保证芋艿在较短的生育期内获得较高的产量，芋艿还是一种喜钾作物，施用钾肥能明显促进芋艿高产；在土壤有效磷含量不足的情况下，施用磷肥能促进芋艿正常生长。     

The efficiency and condition of oysters and macroalgae used as biological filters of shrimp pond effluent

Current shrimp pond management practices generally result in elevated concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids, bacteria and phytoplankton compared with the influent water. Concerns about adverse environmental impacts caused by discharging pond effluent directly into adjacent waterways have prompted the search for cost‐effective methods of effluent treatment. One potential method of effluent treatment is the use of ponds or raceways stocked with plants or animals that act as natural biofilters by removing waste nutrients. In addition to improving effluent water quality prior to discharge, the use of natural biofilters provides a method for capturing otherwise wasted nutrients. This study examined the potential of the native oyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley) and macroalgae, Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva to improve effluent water quality from a commercial Penaeus japonicus (Bate) shrimp farm. A system of raceways was constructed to permit recirculation of the effluent through the oysters to maximize the filtration of bacteria, phytoplankton and total suspended solids. A series of experiments was conducted to test the ability of oysters and macroalgae to improve effluent water quality in a flow‐through system compared with a recirculating system. In the flow‐through system, oysters reduced the concentration of bacteria to 35% of the initial concentration, chlorophyll a to 39%, total particulates (2.28–35.2 µm) to 29%, total nitrogen to 66% and total phosphorus to 56%. Under the recirculating flow regime, the ability of the oysters to improve water quality was significantly enhanced. After four circuits, total bacterial numbers were reduced to 12%, chlorophyll a to 4%, and total suspended solids to 16%. Efforts to increase biofiltration by adding additional layers of oyster trays and macroalgae‐filled mesh bags resulted in fouling of the lower layers causing the death of oysters and senescence of macroalgae. Supplementary laboratory experiments were designed to examine the effects of high effluent concentrations of suspended particulates on the growth and condition of oysters and macroalgae. The results demonstrated that high concentrations of particulates inhibited growth and reduced the condition of oysters and macroalgae. Allowing the effluent to settle before biofiltration improved growth and reduced signs of stress in the oysters and macroalgae. A settling time of 6 h reduced particulates to a level that prevented fouling of the oysters and macroalgae.     

原油加热炉热效率分析模型

原油加热炉在变工况下运行会严重降低效率.以加热炉反平衡热效率为基础,通过进行变工况校核热力计算,用偏差分析法推导出加热炉排烟热损失预测模型.该预测模型定量分析了排烟温度、过量空气系数对热效率的综合影响,可帮助现场操作人员对变工况运行的结果进行提前预测,准确找出造成能量损失的部位,并合理调整运行参数,实现加热炉的安全、经济运行.     

绵羊转移饲养的效应

在草原－家畜生产系统中牧草生产的季节性，与放牧绵羊对营养需求的相对均匀性之间存在尖锐供求矛盾，依据系统耦合理论，在枯草季来临之际将牧地过量家畜转移到作物栽培区短期育肥出栏或存留饲养，间的耦合可使草地资源有效和家畜稳定生产。在本试验条件下，日粮营养成分对增重影响的重要性，蛋白质为最优因素，依次为代谢能，干物质，粗纤维。     

甘谷县生态环境建设综合治理项目效益评价

根据甘谷县生态环境建设综合治理项目区生态系统各组成要素的特点，运用效益指标体系，对该项目的生态、经济和社会效益进行了综合评价。结果表明：经过综合治理，项目区水土流失治理率达31．16％，林草覆盖度由14．81％提高到17．06％，年拦水212．73万m^3，拦泥105．04万m^3，保护植被1904．01hm^3，增加灌溉面积448．00hm^2，使土地利用率提高了37．40％，粮食产量提高了6．73％，人均收入由982．00元提高到1183．36元，年产值达3.60万元／hm^2，投入产出比达1：1．14，利润率为48．49％，生态、经济和社会效益显著。     

晴转阴天气日光温室内环境因素日变化研究

研究了黄瓜日光温室在晴转阴天气条件下的温度，相对湿度，光照强度和ＣＯ２浓度等环境因素的日变化以及黄瓜光合速率的日变化，黄瓜日光温室在该天气条件下具有温度较低，光照弱，光合速率正常情况减少１／２以上等特殊性，指出光照强度有限制因子，并提出了生产中应采取的相应措施。     

噻磺隆和乙草胺混用药效及对大豆安全性研究

在室内控制的试验条件下 ,以马唐、反枝苋等为主要供试杂草测定了噻磺隆和乙草胺混用的增效作用 ,并进行了混剂对大豆的药害试验。结果表明 ,噻磺隆和乙草胺混用的增效 1倍 ;用单用噻磺隆所需药量的 2 2 %的计量与乙草胺混用就能达到与噻磺隆单用相当的防效 ,大幅度降低了噻磺隆的用量 ,从而减轻了其药效和对作物药害受土壤质地、pH值、有机质含量和降雨量等环境条件的影响 ;噻磺隆和乙草胺的混剂能防除大部分单、双子叶杂草 ,扩大了杀草谱 ;混剂对玉米和大豆的安全性好于噻磺隆和乙草胺单剂