紫色泥页岩的侵蚀产沙特点及影响因素分析

紫色泥页岩区是长江上游泥沙的一个重要来源。论述了遂宁组紫色土的侵蚀和泥沙形成流失的特点。并分析了解家湾小流域紫色土的侵蚀、泥沙形成输沙以及紫色土可蚀性等的影响因素。研究结果对川中紫色土丘陵区生态环境建设有重要参考意义。     

中国亚热带红壤旱坡地花生系统尿酸氮素去向

A field experiment was conducted to study the outcome of N using isotope-labeled urea with a peanut cropping system in a Udic Ferrosol on a 7% slope at the Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The micro-plots were designed in two sets with three replicates and four N treatments. An iron frame with its edge 10 cm above the ground was used to control soil erosion and runoff in set A, but in set B the upper edge of the frame was level with the ground. Randomly positioned ^15N fertilized micro-plots were established along the contour. At harvest on August 13, 2002, which was four months after urea application, the peanuts had absorbed 30.6%-38.0% of the urea, transpired 13.1%-22.4% to the atmosphere, lost 6.4%-8.4% through soil erosion and surface runoff, and maintained 40.7%-48.9% in the 0-60 cm soil layer with 0.5%-5.0% below 60 cm.     

农田休闲期垄作地形对近地表风场的影响

垄作是旱作农田常用的保护性耕作技术,而其防风抗蚀的机制尚需研究。通过野外试验,对垄脊高25cm,垄沟宽1.5m的垄作田上风向、垄间及下风向地带0～4m的风流场进行了同步观测,对不同观测位置的时均风速、空气动力学粗糙度、摩阻速度和风速脉动进行了对比分析。结果表明,土垄间和下风向近地表0～1m内时均风速比上风向平坦地表明显降低,其中高0.3m处降低幅度最大。水平方向上风速降低幅度、空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻速度均随观测点与垄作地表距离的增大而减小。受风速递增的影响,风速的绝对脉动强度随高度呈对数关系递增。风速的相对脉动强度在0～1m内随高度增大而降低,1m以上基本无变化。高0.05m处风速的相对脉动强度在水平方向上随与垄作田距离的减小而增大,其中垄间最大,时均风速相同时对地面剪切力最大。     

喀斯特高原山地土壤抗冲性与土壤物理性质的关系

为探究喀斯特高原山地不同土地利用类型土壤抗冲性及其与土壤物理性质的关系,以马尾松人工林地(PMP)、桂花人工林地(OFP)、天然乔灌混交林地(ASL)、天然草地(NGL)、撂荒地(AL)、农地(CL)为研究对象,采用原状土水槽冲刷试验法,根据研究区地形及气候特点,设置3个坡度(5°,15°,25°),3个冲刷流量(3.2,4.8,6.4 L/min),冲刷时间均为15 min,结合土壤物理性质(容重、孔隙度、水稳性团聚体、机械组成等),定量分析不同土地利用类型下土壤抗冲性及其与土壤物理性质的关系。结果表明:(1)在原状土冲刷试验过程中,各地类初始径流含沙量较高,但随着冲刷时间的延长,径流含沙量呈先降低后趋于稳定趋势,且随着坡度和冲刷流量的增大,径流含沙量趋于稳定的时间有所提前;(2)土壤抗冲系数随坡度和冲刷流量的增大而减小,且坡度对土壤抗冲性的影响比冲刷流量更明显。在同等条件下,各地类土壤抗冲系数依次为NGL＞PMP＞ASL＞AL＞OFP＞CL,土壤抗冲系数分别为13.44~87.84,[JP]8.14~93.15,2.93~45.36,1.21~10.01,1.25~5.48,0.17~1.27(L·min)/g;(3)土壤抗冲性与土壤容重、砂粒含量、水稳性团聚体含量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与总孔隙度、黏粒含量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),其关系均可用幂函数表示(R²＞0.78)。研究结果可为喀斯特区土壤侵蚀研究和水土保持防治提供科学依据。     

东北三省土壤风蚀天数时空变化及分区评述

基于东北三省1981−2017年气候资料,明确不同区域不同耕作阶段（全年、休耕期和播前1个月）不同等级日最大风速发生的变化规律;结合考虑降水影响下的起动风速指标,解析不同区域各阶段风蚀发生天数的时空规律,为各区域提出相适应的土壤保护耕作措施提供科学依据。结果表明：东北三省全年0−3级、4−6级和7级及以上日最大风速年均出现频率分别为48.5%、50.4%和1.1%,研究期内,全年、休耕期和播前1个月0−3级日最大风速出现频率均呈增加趋势,而4级及以上风速出现频率呈减少趋势。研究区域全年风蚀发生天数比例为35.0%,而播前一个月发生风蚀天数占该时期总天数的比例高于全年均值,达57.0%。大部分地区各个时期风蚀发生天数呈减少趋势。辽河平原区和三江平原区休耕期和播前1个月风蚀发生天数均较多,应重视风蚀对土壤的影响。松嫩平原区虽然休耕期土壤风蚀发生频率较低,但播前1个月风蚀发生较多,该区域应倡导免耕技术以降低土壤风蚀。     

泰国土地发展部顾问Chinapatana Sukvibool先生论东南亚森林植被变化与土壤侵蚀管理

[目的]回顾和总结近年来东南亚地区森林植被变化与水土流失演变领域研究项目的成果,并探讨东南亚地区改良后的保育措施在流域尺度水土流失与产沙管理方面的成效。[方法]根据东南亚各国不同时空尺度的数据,分析了该区森林植被的变化及采取的对策。选择泰国实施流域管理的地区为研究区,阐述了被动和主动侵蚀控制策略的有效性和实用性。[结果]①在2000—2005年期间,东南亚地区的森林面积大幅减少,累计年度森林砍伐率达到2.76×10~6 hm~2。然而,由于森林种植园的建立,该区森林覆盖率近期已经增加。②东南亚雾霾是一种定期发生的大范围空气污染问题,它在很大程度上起因于农业上的非法放火烧荒。③东南亚地区土壤侵蚀管理措施包括带状种植、等高耕作、条状种植、草障、保护性耕作、免耕种植和植物篱间作。尽管在小区尺度上,保护措施在减少径流方面发挥了良好的作用,但对大尺度而言,其作用还有待进一步的研究和验证。水土保持对产量的潜在影响可能是影响水土保持投资价值的一个关键因素。[结论]东南亚地区森林覆盖变化的挑战既真实又迫切。我们应该建立区域防控机制减少森林火灾和雾霾,并通过保持一个可持续的林业,维护陆地生物多样性减少土壤侵蚀。为低收入小户型农民选择适当的水土保持方法,对于降低水土流失速度和提高作物产量至关重要。     

国内外降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法的比较

降雨是引起土壤侵蚀的主要动力 ,用 EI30 指标度量。计算 EI30 时 ,需要降雨过程资料 ,而且计算繁琐和费时 ,为此 ,很多学者采用常规降雨资料计算降雨侵蚀力的简易算法。它们往往利用区域资料经验拟合求得 ,如要推广使用 ,需要进行验证。利用我国 10个气象站降雨过程和常规降雨资料 ,通过对国内外 9种比较有代表性的多年平均年降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法的比较 ,建议采用年雨量的指数函数形式作为估算我国多年平均年降雨侵蚀力的简易计算方法。为保证计算结果的区域稳定性 ,应分不同区域进行拟合。     

Removal of rock fragments and its effect on soil loss and crop yield, Tigray, Ethiopia

Abstract. When the farmers of the Highlands of Tigray (northern Ethiopia) consider rock fragment cover in their fields to be excessive, they remove some of them. In addition, large amounts of rock fragments of all sizes are removed from fields for building stone bunds. Semi-structured interviews indicate that the farmers are often reluctant to take away the smaller rock fragments (i.e. < 5 cm across) from their fields, since they believe these benefit soil moisture conservation and protect topsoil from erosion. A field experiment was carried out on a Vertic Cambisol (average slope: 0.125 m m^–1), 2 km east of Hagere Selam (subhumid climate). Rock fragments were totally, partially or not removed from the 12 runoff plots (5 m × 6 m) before the beginning of the 1999 cropping season, during which a local mixture of wheat varieties ( Triticum spp.) was sown. After harvest, erosion rates were assessed by measuring deposited sediment volume in trenches at the lower side of each subplot, and grain and straw yields were assessed. We found a significant negative relationship between rock fragment cover and soil loss by water erosion. However, the resulting positive relationship between rock fragment cover and grain and straw yield was weak. This might be explained by the fact that the plot did not suffer from drought due to soil and climatic conditions. Detailed analysis showed that cover by medium and large rock fragments (> 2 cm diameter) showed an optimum percentage cover above which crop yields decrease. A recommendation resulting from this study is to rely on the farmers' experience: smaller rock fragments should never be removed from the surface of fields during soil and water conservation works; instead rock fragment rich soil can be used to top the stone bunds.     

A simple approach to soil loss prediction: a revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney model

A revised version of the Morgan–Morgan–Finney model for prediction of annual soil loss by water is presented. Changes have been made to the way soil particle detachment by raindrop impact is simulated, which now takes account of plant canopy height and leaf drainage, and a component has been added for soil particle detachment by flow. When tested against the same data set used to validate the original version at the erosion plot scale, predictions made with the revised model gave slopes of a reduced major-axis regression line closer to 1.0 when compared with measured values. The coefficient of efficiency, for sites with measured runoff and soil loss, increased from 0.54 to 0.65. When applied to a new data set for erosion plots in Denmark, Spain, Greece and Nepal, very high coefficients of efficiency of 0.94 for runoff and 0.84 for soil loss were obtained. The revised version was applied to two small catchments by dividing them into land elements and routing annual runoff and sediment production over the land surface from one element to another. The results indicate that, when used in this way, the model provides useful information on the source areas of sediment, sediment delivery to streams and annual sediment yield.     

子午岭地区自然区域特征及其与土壤侵蚀的关系

在对子午岭地区进行全面考察的基础上,分析研究了子午岭地区区域自然环境的基本特征,指出:子午岭地区地质条件复杂,构造运动强烈、岩性疏松、地貌类型齐全、沟深坡陡、降水丰沛、降雨强度大、冲刷强烈,具备了各科侵蚀过程的发生条件。但由于地面覆盖着良好的植被,侵蚀很轻微。子午岭地区作为黄土高原植被恢复的样板表明,大力恢复黄土高原地区的植被,是黄土高原水土保持的核心和中心任务。