The effect of soil texture and organic amendment on the hydrological behaviour of coarse-textured soils

To gain more insight into the hydrological behaviour of coarse-textured soils, the physical properties of artificially created soil mixtures with different texture were determined. The mixtures were prepared according to the specifications of the United States Golf Association (USGA) for constructing putting greens. In addition, the effect of 10 vol.% organic matter addition was studied. The soil moisture retention and hydraulic conductivity relationships of the different mixtures were determined and their hydrological behaviour was studied using the numerical model SoWaM. Both texture and organic matter addition substantially affected the hydraulic properties. Hydraulic conductivity significantly increased with increasing coarseness while moisture retention decreased. On the other hand, organic matter addition reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity by a factor of 10 to 100 and distinctly increased moisture retention capacity. The amounts of total available water were increased by the addition of organic matter between 144% (slightly coarse texture) and 434% (very coarse texture). Results indicate that the mixtures can contain only 2–16% plant available water and therefore need frequent irrigation to maintain plant growth. Addition of organic matter seems a good solution to reduce the irrigation water requirements but it increases the risk of ponding or runoff because of large reductions in the saturated hydraulic conductivity sometimes to below the rate of 3.6 m/day recommended by the USGA.     

Transect relascope sampling for assessing coarse woody debris: The case of a π/2 relascope angle

In transect relascope sampling, a wide‐angle relascope is used along survey lines for selecting a sample of objects that extend linearly in the plane, e.g. downed logs. The method is closely related to line intersect (intercept) sampling. In this article, a special case of the transect relascope technique is studied. Using a π/2 radian relascope angle, the method becomes invariant to the orientation of the line objects in the population. The reason is that the area of inclusion around objects, through which a survey line should pass for an object to be included, turns out to be circular. In analytical studies and Monte Carlo simulations, the cost‐efficiency of transect relascope and line intersect sampling is evaluated. It is found that transect relascope sampling is a competitive alternative to line intersect sampling in inventories of the total volume of coarse woody debris (in the form of downed logs) in forest compartments.     

Effects of grazing strategy on limiting nitrate leaching in grazed grass‐clover pastures on coarse sandy soil

Urinations of ruminants on grazed pastures increase the risk of nitrate leaching. The study investigated the effect of reducing the length of the grazing season on nitrate leaching from a coarse sandy, irrigated soil during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008. In both years, precipitation was above the long‐term mean. The experiment was initiated in a 4‐yr‐old grass‐clover sward in south Denmark. Three treatments were as follows grazing only (G), spring cut followed by grazing (CG) and both spring and autumn cuts with summer grazing (CGC). Nitrate leaching was calculated by extracting water isolates from 80 cm depth using ceramic suction cups. Because of considerable variation in measured nitrate concentrations, the 32 installed suction cups per treatment were insufficient to reveal differences between treatments. However, weighted nitrate leaching estimations for G, CG and CGC showed estimated mean nitrate N concentrations of 23, 19 and 13 mg/L for an estimated proportion area occupied by urine patches of 0.33, 0.26 and 0.16, respectively. Thus, N concentrations in G and CG exceeded the EU limit of 11.3 mg N/L. Under the prevailing conditions, the time of urination did not appear important. The estimated background leaching calculated from suction cups presumably not situated under urine patches resulted in mean nitrate N concentrations of 2.6 mg/L.     

中小跨径弯斜桥的几何设计探讨

弯斜桥梁的几何设计思路是影响设计、施工的重要因素，文中提出了桥梁受公路线形制约时的几何布置形式，公路弯斜桥几何设计的特点、类型、方法和影响因素。在不增加设计难度的情况下，通过桥梁的几何布置达到改善公路线形的目的。结合黑龙江省望奎至灵山乡公路桥梁设计的实例加以说明。     

湘中丘陵区马尾松林粗木质残体研究

以湘中丘陵区马尾松林为研究对象,分析粗木质残体(CWD)的储量特征、物种组成、径级结构以及腐烂等级,研究湘中丘陵区马尾松林CWD的基本特征。结果表明:湘中丘陵区马尾松林CWD的平均储量为1.72 t/hm2,马尾松和杉木是针叶CWD的主要组成树种,樟树、南酸枣、枫香是阔叶CWD的主要组成树种。马尾松-阔叶树种混交林的CWD总储量显著大于马尾松-杉木混交林的,两者的CWD总储量与其对应森林总生物量的比例差异明显,且均表现为随森林生物量增长而增加的趋势。CWD的个体数量随着径级的增加而减少,呈反J型下降趋势,且不同存在形式CWD的数量比例大致表现为倒木枯立木大枝根桩。CWD具备完整的腐烂等级(Ⅰ~Ⅴ级),主要集中在Ⅰ、Ⅱ腐烂等级,且随着径级的增加,各腐烂等级CWD的数量比例呈现逐渐减少的趋势。     

Identification of the putative ancestral allele of bovine single‐nucleotide polymorphisms

Identifying the action of natural selection from patterns of standing genetic variation has long been of interest to the population genetic community. Thanks to the availability of large single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data sets for many species and of high‐throughput SNP genotyping methods, whole‐genomic surveys to detect selective sweeps are now possible. Knowing the ancestral allele increases the power to detect selection. We present here a comparative genomic approach to determine the putative ancestral allele of bovine SNPs deposited in public databases. We analysed 19 551 488 SNPs and identified the putative ancestral allele for 14 339 107 SNPs. Our predicted ancestral alleles were in agreement with ancestral alleles detected by genotyping outgroup species for 97% SNPs from the BovineSNP50 BeadChip. This comparison indicates that our comparative genomic‐based approach to identify putative ancestral alleles is reliable.     

A comparison of fish assemblages associated with different riparian vegetation types in the Hawkesbury–Nepean River system

Fish assemblages in six reaches of the Hawkesbury–Nepean River were studied to identify the effects of two types of riparian vegetation; well‐vegetated banks supporting complex flora dominated by trees and shrubs, and grassed banks, that have been colonised only by grasses after historical deforestation. The fish assemblages showed both spatial and temporal differences and habitats adjacent to grassed banks supported more individuals and more fish species than well‐vegetated banks. Three small species of fish, firetail gudgeon, Hypseleotris galii (Ogilby), flathead gudgeon, Philypnodon grandiceps (Krefft), and empire gudgeon, Hypseleotris compressa (Krefft), occurred in greater abundances adjacent to grassed banks, but freshwater mullet, Myxus petardi (Castelnau), were less abundant near grassed banks than beside well‐vegetated banks. Differences were also shown in the size frequencies of the four larger fish species between riparian vegetation types. The observed differences in the distributions of fish species appeared to be related to the greater abundance aquatic macrophytes near grassed banks, probably an effect of shading of macrophytes near well‐vegetated banks.     

基于特征迁移学习的变工况下轴向柱塞泵故障诊断

不同工况下的轴向柱塞泵故障数据存在分布差异,现有的基于特征迁移学习的变工况故障诊断方法大多只通过单个传感器信号进行分析,具有一定的局限性和片面性。为了利用多传感器信号提高变工况下轴向柱塞泵故障诊断的性能,该研究提出一种耦合分类器子空间嵌入分布自适应（Subspace Embedded Distribution Adaptation with Coupled Classifiers, SEDACC）方法。该方法利用多传感器信号的频谱数据构造主要数据集和辅助数据集,通过子空间对齐（Subspace Alignment, SA）方法将源域和目标域的主要数据投影到公共子空间中,并采用加权条件最大均值差异（Weighted Conditional Maximum Mean Discrepancy, WCMMD）作为度量进行特征分布的适配。同时,基于结构风险最小化（Structural Risk Minimization, SRM）准则在源域标签数据上学习主分类器,根据主分类器对于目标域的预测结果在目标域辅助数据上学习辅助分类器。通过交替和迭代策略不断优化分类器参数,最后对二者进行加权融合得到最终的诊断模型。通过轴向柱塞泵变工况故障诊断试验进行验证,结果表明,当以垂直于端盖的z方向振动信号为主要数据并使用声音信号（或以平行于端盖的x方向的振动信号）作为辅助数据时,SEDACC方法在6种迁移任务中的平均准确率为99.88%（99.46%）,高于其他方法。此外,所提方法在目标工况样本稀少的情况下仍具有较高的诊断精度,当目标域和源域样本数比值为0.2时,6种迁移任务的平均准确率达到92.66%。研究结果可为更完备与准确的机械故障诊断提供参考。     

对启动山西小杂粮产业化开发工程的探讨

实施小杂粮产业化开发工程是将山西资源优势变经济优势的有效途径，是区域经济开发的优势和长处。加速产业化进程，一方面要在生产环节上有重大举措，改善品质，提高种植效益；另一方面要狠抓营销与加工，开拓更大的消费市场；同时需要政府强有力的引导、扶持，加强协调管理，加大科技投入。     

皖Ⅲ系长毛兔系统选育中产毛性能的研究

皖Ⅲ系长毛兔是在皖系粗毛型长毛兔的基础上，又经５个世代的继代选育而成。据五世代测定：其１１月龄产毛量达２５３．１９克；１１月龄粗毛度１５．１４％，参加繁殖１－２胎的周岁成年母兔的粗毛率达１７．５８％。１１月龄产毛量和粗毛率分别较皖系粗毛兔提高２２．５９％和１０．５９％。１１月龄毛纤维的长度、细度、强度及伸度，其粗毛分别为１１．４９ｃｍ、４５．１２μｍ、２３．４７克和４６．７２％，细毛分别为７．４０