高纯度茶氨酸分离制备工艺研究

本文研究一种从提取茶多酚后的残留液中提纯茶氨酸的制备工艺;首先通过ZTC—型天然澄清剂对茶多酚生产废液絮凝处理,随后应用一种特制的弱极性大孔树脂(JAD-1000)对处理液进行初步分离,制备含量在50%以上的茶氨酸粗品,再通过C18层析柱,按照正交实验技术筛选的分离纯化工艺参数,对茶氨酸粗品溶液进行分离纯化制备高纯度茶氨酸;结果表明用pH值3.0的水按照60ml/min的流速进行洗脱,收集11.4min-13.5min段的洗脱馏份,浓缩冻干,检测知茶氨酸的回收率为78.4%,茶氨酸含量达98.2%。     

Using the RUSLE to identify factors controlling erosion rates of mine soils

Observable differences in particle size, smoothness and compaction between cap site (slope 2·8 per cent) and batter site (slope 20·7 per cent) surfaces on the waste rock dump at Ranger Uranium Mine were quantified in terms of revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) parameter values. Cap site surface material had a K_m (erodibility corrected for sediment density) of 0·030 and batter site surface material had a K_m of 0·0056. Using these K_m values (derived from particle size distributions), slope length and steepness (LS) factors of 0·36 for the cap site and 3·66 for the batter site, and a cover (C) factor of 0·45 for the cap site and 0·16 for the batter site, the RUSLE predicts an erosion rate from the cap site that is 1·9 times greater than erosion from the much steeper batter site. The RUSLE indicates that the finer particle size and blocky soil structure of the cap site (D₅₀ = 0·91 mm) compared with the looser granular structure of the batter site (D₅₀ = 1·74 mm) strongly influence erosion. The predictions are similar to observed soil losses from erosion plots on these sites under rainfall simulation events, for which the measured erosion rate from the cap site was approximately twice that from the batter site. For the RUSLE to predict the observed erosion rates, the support practice (P) factor for the cap site would have to be approximately 30 per cent greater than the P factor for the batter site. The higher cap site P factor probably results from smoothing and compaction caused by vehicle movement across the surface. Compaction is considered to have greatly reduced infiltration capacity, thus increasing the erodibility of the cap site. Vehicles probably also crushed the surface material at the cap site, creating the observed finer particle size distribution and further increasing the erodibility. Compaction, through its effects on erodibility (K_m) and surface roughness (P), is concluded to be the major cause of higher erosion from the cap site, even though the slope steepness is 10 times less. Parameterisation of the RUSLE quantifies the differences between sites and explains the unexpected erosion rates observed. The results highlight the need for careful management of rehabilitated sites to avoid increases in erosion which may arise from compaction by machinery.     

Geomorphic estimates of the stability of a uranium mill tailings containment cover: Nabarlek,Northern Territory,Australia

The geomorphic stability of the cover (cap) over the pit of Nabarlek Uranium Mine in Arnhem Land, Northern Australia, is important because radon gas and other long-lived radio-nuclides arising from mill tailings must be contained for long periods. The primary agents of denudation in the region's seasonally wet tropical environment of low relief are rainwash, overland flow, rilling and gullying. Other agents of erosion are of less concern, although biogenic agents of erosion (e.g. termites and windthrow) may enhance fluvial activity. A combination of modelling, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation, and analogue estimates of denudation and thresholds of rilling and gullying from areas with similar geology, topography and climate are used to estimate the stability of the Nabarlek cover. Denudation rates are conservatively estimated at less than 100mm ky⁻¹. It is suggested that with some minor design modifications the cover will retain its integrity for several thousand years.     

Grass mixtures for afforested opencast spoils in South Wales

An experiment that investigated the establishment of seven grass and legume seed mixes on opencast coal mining spoil in South Wales is described. After three years, mixtures containing Poa pratensis and Festuca rubra var. rubra were the most successful in covering the spoil; the ‘Johnson JR33’ seed mix proved the best of those commercially available that was tested. Tree growth was not detrimentally affected by the establishment of a grass ground cover. Erosion was not an important process at the experimental site, though slumping occurred locally from plough ridge to plough furrow.     

农药包装废弃物回收处置管理的思考

本文在深入调研农药包装废弃物的回收处置现状上,提出一是加快土地流转,转变农业生产方式,实行科学种养和统防联治;二是开展调研立法,从源头增收排污和包装废弃物回收处置费;三是组建或聘用专业的基层技术服务队;四是合理布局,建立和完善处置体系装备;五是实行补贴“一票否决制”和“补偿激励”机制的意见及建议。从源头和制度上切实解决“有人干、有经费、有设备、有制度”保障等问题,切实做好农药包装废弃物的回收处置工作,实行乡村振兴的优居环境。     

植物废弃物饲养蚯蚓的试验研究

采用室内盆养方法研究了利用人工养殖蚯蚓的方法处理闽南地区废弃的香蕉假茎叶和菠萝加工皮渣。结果表明, 以香蕉假茎叶直接调配成的腐熟料不利于蚯蚓的生长, 而菠萝皮渣腐熟料对蚯蚓生长无不良影响; 香蕉假茎叶经过浸水处理2 d 后, 与菠萝皮渣或蘑菇废菌料按照一定的比例混合腐熟, 蚯蚓在其中的4 种混合饵料上生长良好, 日增重倍数为0.433～0.570, 均显著高于CK; 母蚓在香蕉假茎叶、菠萝皮渣、蘑菇废菌料以及牛粪的混合腐熟料上的产卵数平均为43.67 粒/条。     

北京市郊农业生态环境的工程对策研究

农业生态环境的保护是农业生产获得持续发展的重要基础条件之一。在调查研究北京市郊农业生产和农业废弃物基本情况基础上,针对主要农业废弃物给生态环境造成的影响与危害,分析研究了将其进行处理、利用的各种可操作性工程对策,以期不断改善京郊的农业生态环境,推动农业持续发展。     

我国“清洁能源计划”浅析

我国可持续发展战略的关键是提高能源效率和能源部门产出。简述了我国能源利用与美国等发达国家能源利用存在的差距,结合我国目前能源投资战略的要点,阐明了我国制定“清洁能源计划”的紧迫性及其重要性。     

废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(PSF)制备胶粘剂中溶剂的选择

研究了利用废聚苯乙烯制备胶粘剂中溶剂的选择及溶剂比例的确定。结果表明:溶解聚苯乙烯的理想溶剂为二甲苯、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇的混合溶剂。当二甲苯、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇的比例为2∶3∶3时,制得胶粘剂的性能较好。     

露天煤矿待复垦土地适宜性评价单元类型划分

从水土保持、土地复垦及环境保护的综合角度考虑,采用“五级指标逐级推断法”,即岩土污染程度、重塑地形坡度、地表物质组成、有效覆土厚度和土体容重五级分类指标逐级推断,确定露天煤矿待复垦土地适宜性评价单元类型为：（１）厚层覆土平台;（２）薄层覆土斜坡;（３）岩土混排斜坡;（４）混岩、页岩碎砾坡;（５）砂岩石砾坡。