草木樨籽实有毒成分及用作家禽饲料的研究

本试验主要利用呼市地区所产草木樨籽实为原料，选择不同的方法脱毒，筛选出焙炒法。０．２％ＮａＨＣＯ３法，Ｏ．６％乙酸法、浸泡法、发酵法、沸石粉法，进行肉鸡的饲喂试验，其中对照组日粮不含草木樨籽实，其它各处理组的５０％豆饼用相应的草木樨籽实取代，得出结论为：用焙炒法处理后的草木樨籽实用于喂鸡，采食量日增重不受影响，且鸡体不受毒素侵害，用发酵法、ＮａＨＣＯ３法、浸泡法、乙酸法处理的草木樨籽实喂鸡，采食量、日增重不受明显影响，鸡体受到轻微毒害；用未经处理和沸石粉处理的草木樨籽实喂鸡，鸡体受到较严重侵害，同时采食量、日增重下降。     

草地麦库大百脉根在云南的生长表现

以海法白三叶、拉丁诺白三叶及胡依阿白三叶为对比,在云南3种不同气候条件下对草地麦库大百脉根进行了试验研究。结果表明,大百脉根比对照耐热性强,其平均产量高于白三叶或与白三叶接近,在中亚热带地区,单次测产的干物质产量在4t/hm2以上,是对照白三叶的1倍;耐土壤贫瘠能力也强于对照白三叶,适于在云南暖温带至亚热带地区种植。     

阿克苏白花草木樨草产量性状和适应性评价

以塔里木大学动物科学学院校园内试验站(地处新疆阿拉尔市,40°54′21′′N,81°30′20″E)为试验点,以4份栽培和4份野生草木樨(Melilotus suaveolens)种质资源为对照,对阿克苏白花草木樨(M.albus)品系的草产量性状和适应性进行了分析和评价。结果表明,阿克苏白花草木樨出苗后64d进入现蕾期,75d进入初花期,生育天数较短;阿克苏白花草木樨的干草产量为5 874.23kg·hm~(-2),较对照增产18.76%~67.20%;株高为125.27cm,鲜干比为4.23,均优于对照,草产量性状较好;叶片保水率为65.00%,越夏率为99.00%,对阿克苏地区高温和干旱的气候条件具有较强的适应性;综合性能排名第一,具有转化为野生栽培品种的潜力。     

冬小麦套种草木樨土壤中根瘤菌分布与土壤理化性质的相关性分析

对新疆阿克苏地区冬小麦套种草木樨地土壤中根瘤菌数量动态规律与土壤理化性质的相关性进行了研究。采用平板稀释法对根瘤菌进行计数,测定土壤理化性质包括水分、pH、容重、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾。结果表明:1)从冬小麦返青也是草木樨播种时期(4月)到刈割期(9月),根瘤菌数量分布为10~20 cm>0~10 cm>20~40 cm土层,0~20 cm土层根瘤菌数量7月达到最大值,为6.89 lg cfu·g^-1,20~40 cm土层根瘤菌数量8月达到最大值,为6.46 lg cfu·g^-1;非共生期根瘤菌比共生期增加7.33%~10.63%。2)4-9月土壤pH下降0.23%~1.40%,全盐下降3.45%~37.69%;0~40 cm土层4-8月有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷呈下降趋势,但在9月草木樨刈割时较8月有所增加,其中0~40 cm土层的有机质增加7.65%~26.98%,全氮增加16.67%~44.12%;0~20 cm土层碱解氮增加20.27%~160.68%;10~20 cm土层有效磷增加167.74%;0~20 cm土层的有效钾含量提高10%。3)根瘤菌数量与土壤理化性质的线性回归分析,0~40 cm土层全盐与根瘤菌数量相关性最高(R=-0.81,P<0.05)。此外,0~20 cm土层水分还与根瘤菌数量相关性高(-0.81≤R≤-0.73,P<0.05),20~40 cm土层全氮的相关性高(R=-0.88,P<0.05);通径分析中,土壤全氮、全盐、有机质与根瘤菌数量相关性最高,其中与有机质呈正相关(P₅=0.56),与全氮、全盐呈负相关(P₆=-0.50,P₄=-0.64),有机质是促进根瘤菌的主要因子,全氮、全盐是制约主要因子。因此,在栽培过程中应该增加有机肥,适当减少氮肥施量,降低土壤盐分,促进根瘤菌增殖,提高固氮量。     

The effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal propagules on the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) under Mn toxicity in ex situ experiments

The role of intact extraradical mycelium (ERM) as the most effective fungal propagule in the formation of the tripartite symbiosis between indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), rhizobia and subterranean clover was investigated under conditions of Mn toxicity. ERM was previously developed in 8 L pots under greenhouse conditions by growing plants, which exhibited various levels of mycotrophicity and were tolerant to the levels of Mn in the soil used in the experiment (Silene gallica L, Lolium rigidum L, Ornithopus compressus L. and Rumex bucephalophorus L). Contrasting conditions of the integrity of the ERM at the planting of subterranean clover were created by soil disturbance (ERM fragmented – soil disturbed; ERM intact – soil undisturbed). Where an intact ERM was present at the time of planting, growth of subterranean clover was 2.5 times greater after 21 days and 3.9 times after 42 days relative to other forms of AMF propagule. This enhanced growth was associated with a reduction in the Mn concentration of roots due to a greater AMF colonization at 21 days after planting. The protection granted by an enhanced AMF root colonization allowed a greater root nodule development, leading to more N acquisition and plant growth. The ERM can be developed in the soil by mycotrophic plants tolerant to the stressing agent and kept intact at the seeding of the crop to be protected by adopting appropriate tillage techniques.     

秋水仙素诱导草木樨的研究

[目的]鉴定秋水仙素诱导后的草木樨的倍性.[方法]以草木樨萌动种子为试材,秋水仙素溶液为处理试剂,进行了秋水仙素诱导草木樨的研究.[结果]用0.2%浓度的秋水仙素溶液处理草木樨能使草木樨诱导加倍,草木樨植株表现出多倍体具有的相应特征,整体显示出巨大性.[结论]草木樨为加倍成功的多倍体. Abstract： [Objective] The aim was to identify the ploidy of sweet clover induced by colchicine.[Method]The sweet clover germinating seeds and colchicine solution were used for materials to research colchicine-induced Melilotus. [Result] The results showed that the concentration of O.2% colchicine solution could induced double sweet clover which showed corresponding features of polyploidy plants as a whole showed great features. [Conclusion] Sweet clover induced by colchicine was polyploidy.     

高加索三叶草响应不同降温模式低温胁迫的代谢组学分析

为探究高加索三叶草（Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.）对不同降温模式低温胁迫的代谢响应机制，本试验对其分别进行缓慢降温（Gradual cooling，GC）和骤然降温（Sudden cooling，SC）处理，利用广泛靶向代谢组学技术检测叶片代谢物，并比较2个处理组与常温对照组（CK）间的代谢物差异。结果表明：在高加索三叶草叶片中共检测出894种代谢物；与CK相比，在GC和SC处理组中分别筛选出124个和139个差异代谢物（Differential metabolites，DMs）；2处理组的DMs均主要富集在氨基酸代谢和次生代谢产物的生物合成；紫铆因含量仅在GC组中显著增加（P < 0.05），酪氨酸和新橙皮苷含量仅在SC组中显著增加（P < 0.05）；γ-氨基丁酸、亮氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、柠檬酸、矢车菊素和木犀草素含量在2处理组均显著增加（P < 0.05）。这些代谢物含量的增加可能是高加索三叶草适应低温胁迫的主要机制。     

Grass and legume seeding on a scarified coastal alluvial site in northwestern British Columbia: response of native non-crop vegetation and planted Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings

The success of various grass-legume mixtures in controlling competing vegetation, and their effect on subsequent survival and growth of Sitka spruce seedlings was studied on a coastal alluvial site in northwestern British Columbia. Mechanically scarified (bladed) strips were hand seeded to pure and combined mixtures of legumes, bunchgrasses, and sodforming grasses. An unseeded control (bladed but not seeded) was also established.Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) was the most successful legume species. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), big bluegrass (Poa ampla Merr.), and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) were the most successful grass species. Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) density and height were lower in legume-seeded treatments. Red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa L.) and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis Pursh.) were effectively reduced by blading and have reestablished slowly. A combination of blading and early establishment of either sodforming grasses or bunchgrasses effectively decreased reinvasion by thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus Nutt.).Growth of Sitka spruce was best in the unseeded control treatment or in the treatments with legumes but no sodforming grasses. Presence of sodforming grasses decreased both diameter and height growth. Sitka spruce diameter decreased with increasing red alder density. After 5 growing seasons, spruce has outgrown all competitors except red alder.     

Tree establishment and growth using forage ground covers in an alley-cropped system in Midwestern USA

The integration of forage crops in an alley-cropped system was examined as a method of encouraging tree planting to increase farm income, improve soil quality, and enhance biodiversity on Midwestern U.S. farms. Crop and tree performance were evaluated in an alley-cropped system using four forage intercrops grown in tree alleyways to simulate a potential hay crop – oat (Avena sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.); oat, red clover, and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.); oat, red clover, and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.); and oat and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) – compared to a herbicide, mowing and control (no management) treatment. Five tree species, divided into fast-growing hardwoods of two poplar (Populus spp.) clones [Crandon (P. alba L. × P. grandidentata Michx.) and Eugenei (P. deltoids Bartr. × P. nigra L.)], and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) were compared with two high-value, slow-growing hardwoods planted from seed and as seedlings: red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black walnut (Juglans nigra L.). Tree survival in the first year was greater for the fast-growing species, and by the fourth year, tree height among the four forage treatments was equivalent for all upland locations. The oat/hairy vetch ground cover was associated with the shortest trees in the bottomland site. Herbicide-treated trees were taller than the average of the four forage treatments for all four planting conditions. Tree height in the mowing and the control treatments was not significantly different for all four planting conditions. The nutritive value of the forage crop was excellent in the second year of tree establishment, with crude protein content and digestibility at 17 and 71%, respectively, in the oat/red clover/red fescue treatment, suggesting the viability of forage crops as alternatives to herbicides in alley-cropped systems.     

Comparison of postharvest practices used for cereal straw decomposition in a clay loam soil

ABSTRACT

During 2008–2011, model field experiments were carried out at the Joni?k?lis Experimental Station of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry on a clay loam Endocalcaric Endogleyic Cambisol. The study was aimed to establish the comparison of various postharvest practices (mineral nitrogen fertiliser alone or together with a bioactivator Penergetic k, livestock slurry, red clover biomass and straw incorporation in the soil by a stubble cultivator at a 10 cm depth) on the acceleration of the initial (nine-month period) decomposition of winter wheat straw. During this period, straw mass decomposition intensity was 20.7–29.1%, carbon (C) concentration decreased by 6.5–22.8%, while an increase in nitrogen (N) by 1.1–2.2 times was observed. The highest straw decomposition rate was recorded when after straw incorporation autumn was warm and humid. That year straw mass C to N ratio (C/N) was 38–46. Under less-favourable autumn conditions, the highest decomposition of straw was achieved, having applied mineral N (with and without Penergetic) and livestock slurry and having incorporated the straw in the soil (C/N = 40–55). A slower decomposition rate was observed for the straw spread on the soil surface with mineral N addition or on undersown red clover.