Genetic variation in a Norwegian germplasm collection of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Phenotypic (r_p), genotypic (r_g), genotype × location (r_gl) and error (r_e)correlations for important agronomic characters were estimated for eleven Norwegian populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), originating from between 58^°52′N and 69^°30′N latitude, and from altitudes of 10 to 450 m a.s.l. The populations were evaluated in monoculture clonal field plots for two years at two locations in Norway. All pairwise correlations between foliage height, leaflet length, dry matter yield (DMY) and general performance were positive and significant. Winter survival was positively correlated with general performance, spring growth and DMY, but negatively associated with internode length, while seed yield showed a small positive genotypic correlation with foliage height. Considerable differences were, however, revealed among populations with regard to sign and magnitude of the estimated correlations. Within-population estimates of r_g were consistently positive between DMY, general performance and most other characters; between foliage height on the one hand and leaflet length, winter survival and seed yield on the other hand, and between internode length and leaflet length, indicating pleiotropy. Correlations involving other character-combinations varied substantially among populations, and imply presence of linkage and/or coadaptation. Path coefficient analysis was used to partition the genotypic correlations between some of the characters into direct and indirect effects. Path coefficients revealed that foliage height had the highest positive direct effect on DMY, followed by winter survival and internode length. Leaflet length, which showed a positive, significant simple correlation with DMY, exhibited a negligible direct influence, counterbalanced nearly completely by the positive indirect effect on DMY via foliage height. Positive indirect effects on DMY via foliage height were also found for winter survival and internode length. The coastal populations from North and Middle Norway, and a southern highland population showed the largest expected responses to phenotypic selection for most of the characters. The results demonstrate that there is enough genetic variation in adapted local populations to develop new improved cultivars adapted to high-latitude environments that combine upright growth habit with sufficient winter-hardiness and persistency. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

激素对白三叶愈伤组织形成的影响及体细胞胚的组织学观察

以白三叶3个品种瑞文德、铺地和海法的子叶和下胚轴为外植体,采用正交设计试验研究2,4-D、6-BA和KT三种生长调节剂的不同浓度水平对白三叶愈伤组织诱导及继代的影响,筛选最佳激素组合并进行体细胞胚的组织学观察.结果表明:同一品种同一时期不同外植体愈伤诱导的最佳激素组合不相同,不同品种间也不一致;瑞文德子叶胚性愈伤诱导的最佳培养基为改良SH+2,4-D 2mg/L+6-BA 0.35mg/L+KT 0.5mg/L,下胚轴为改良SH+2,4-D 2mg/L+6-BA 0.2mg/L+KT 0.35mg/L;铺地子叶胚性愈伤诱导的最佳培养基为改良SH+2,4-D 2mg/L+6-BA 0.5mg/L+KT 0.5mg/L,下胚轴为改良SH+2,4 D 5mg/L+6-BA 0.35mg/L+KT 0.5mg/L;海法子叶胚性愈伤诱导的最佳培养基为改良SH+2,4-D 2mg/L+6-BA 0.2mg/L+KT 0.35mg/L,下胚轴为改良SH+2,4-D5mg/L+6-BA 0.5mg/L+KT 0.5mg/L.组织学观察表明,体细胞胚的发育经历球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚及子叶胚四个阶段后形成一个完整的体细胞胚.     

人工模拟高温环境下白三叶草相对生理指标测定

研究了高温胁迫条件下白三叶叶片相对含水量、膜透性、脯氨酸含量和叶绿素含量的变化规律。结果表明:25~35℃处理0.5 h后,白三叶的膜透性、脯氨酸含量逐渐上升,相对含水量、叶绿素含量逐渐下降,但幅度不大;45℃以上高温处理后,以上生理指标均有显著性大幅度的变化。与CK比较,温度每升高5℃,白三叶细胞质膜透性、脯氨酸含量平均增加50.62%、59.89%,而相对含水量、叶绿素含量分别下降34.22%、4.61%。在实验条件下,白三叶能适应35℃的高温,40~45℃为其忍耐高温的临界温度范围,50℃为致死温度上限。     

小麦蓝矮病植原体转运蛋白secY基因片段序列分析

 Wheat blue dwarf(WBD) is a disease caused by phytoplasma and only reported from China. A fragment about 1.3 kb in protein translocation gene, secY was amplified by PCR from the total DNA of di-seased wheat sample with primer pair secYF/secYR, which was designed based on secY gene sequence of known 16SrI group members. Nucleotide acid sequence analysis of amplified fragment indicated that the length was 1 240 bp. A phylogenetic tree based on secY gene sequences was constructed and showed that wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma was clustered into the Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris, subgroup 16SrI-C. Wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma showed high homology with clover phyllody phytoplasma strains based on sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis.     

苜蓿不同品种AMV和WCMV带毒检测及生理生化特性研究

为明确甘肃省大面积种植的苜蓿品种苜蓿花叶病毒（AMV）和白三叶草花叶病毒（WCMV）带毒情况及这两种病毒侵染后对苜蓿生理生化特性的影响。利用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附分析法（DAS-ELISA）和生理生化方法分别对种植于实验室30 d苗龄的12个苜蓿品种进行了带病毒检测及携带不同病毒的苜蓿叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量、防御酶活性的测定。结果表明12个苜蓿品种可分为不携带病毒、携带病毒AMV、携带病毒WCMV、携带病毒AMV和WCMV，病毒检出率为66.7%，其中AMV检出率为50.0%、WCMV检出率为41.7%、AMV和WCMV复合侵染率为25.0%。方差分析表明，两种病毒复合侵染、AMV、WCMV单独侵染与不带病毒（CK）相比，苜蓿叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低，而3种防御酶过氧化物酶 （POD）、多酚氧化酶 （PPO）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶 （PAL）的活性均显著升高，且两种病毒复合侵染的苜蓿叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量均低于两种病毒单独侵染；而POD、PPO、PAL均高于两种病毒单独侵染。结果表明AMV、WCMV侵染不同品种苜蓿对其生理生化活性有较大的影响。     

白三叶分枝格局的研究

研究不同施肥处理对白三叶分枝格局和土壤利用强度的影响，结果表明，白三叶最合适的分枝角度为６０°，分枝能容忍的最大拥挤是４０°的扇形区域；整个克隆以源株为中心向四周生长形成六边形轮廓。同源株的分枝角度存在某种调节机制，施肥对新形成的分枝角度有微调功能。低施肥处理时，白三叶表现“利用策略”；高施肥处理时，植株表现“占居策略”。     

Mode of pollination and seed setting in Egyptian clover

Summary The average cross-pollination in Egyptian clover under caged and uncaged conditions was 0.51% and 1.44% respectively. The low percentage of cross-pollination under caged conditions was due to the absence of honey bees, calm atmosphere and reduced photosynthesis whereas higher outcrossing under uncaged conditions was both by wind and honey bees activities. Per cent seed set was higher under uncaged conditions (53.0%) compared with that of seeds set under caged conditions (26.3%) and uncaged + hand tripping (52.3%). The honey bees have been found to increase seed set in Egyptian clover by tripping mechanism.     

不同放牧强度对多年生黑麦草—白三叶草地群体密度的影响

在中、高放牧强下黑麦草分蘖密度略有下降，而在低放牧强度下则有所上升。白三叶枝条密度受放牧强度影响较小。秋季的重牧使黑麦草分蘖密度极显著下降（P＜0．01）。6月份随着放牧强度的增强黑麦草案死亡数显著减少（P＜0．05），草地群体密度亦随之减少（P＜0.05）。在秋季随着放牧强度的增大黑麦草单蘖重明显减少（P＜0．05）。黑麦草和白三叶的单菜（枝）重与其密度均呈强负相关（P＜0．01）。白三叶的单枝重与生物量呈正相关（P＜0．05）。以上分析表明，中等放牧强度（70％利用率）有利于保持合理的草地群体密度和较高的生物量。     

川中丘陵粮间草地的建植研究

在川中丘陵一级阶地以下坡耕地首次引种白三叶获得了成功。     

Effects of Competition upon the Productivity of White Clover-Perennial Ryegrass Mixtures. Genetic Analysis

A diallel cross amongst four contrasting white clover varieties was used to provide genetic information on those characters which affect the productivity of white clover-perennial ryegrass mixtures when grown under a cutting-only management regime. Generally speaking those characters recorded on the clover families and in mixtures exhibited highly significant additive and non-ad dative genetic effects, though for1 sortie characters the latter could not be ascribed solely to dominance effects. For two of the clover characters, stolon and leaf number, the genetic picture was radically altered in mixtures by the effects of inter-specific competition Pseudo-genetic effects were also detected for the grass characters, bur it was suggested that the two ryegrass varieties used here were exhibiting phenotypic plasticity. As a group the four intra-varietal crosses performed significantly better than the six intra-varietal crosses for all clover and mixture characters. Only one of the inter-varietal crosses had significantly positive specific combining ability effects for most characters and that was between the two long established varieties ‘S. 184’ and ‘S. 100’. The implications of these results for the breeding of white clover varieties for use in mixtures are briefly discussed.