Effects of white clover cultivar and companion grass on winter survival of seedlings in autumn-sown swards

The aim was to study the effects of white clover cultivar and combinations with perennial ryegrass cultivars on seedling establishment in autumn‐sown swards and on winter survival of seedlings. Large‐leaved white clover cv. Alice and small‐leaved white clover cv. Gwenda, and an erect and a prostrate perennial ryegrass cultivar were sown in autumn in pure stands and as four binary grass‐clover mixtures. Mixtures of white clover cv. Huia and Aberherald with perennial ryegrass were also sown. Companion grasses had no significant impact on the establishment of white clover. The number of seedlings of white clover cv. Alice in mixtures (335 m^?2) was higher than cv. Gwenda (183 m^?2) and pure swards had similar white clover population densities as mixed swards. White clover cv. Huia tended to have more seedlings than Aberherald (355 and 205 m^?2 respectively). No stolons were produced prior to a severe winter, because of the late sowing date. Winter survival of clover seedlings was 0·56 in mixtures and 0·69 in pure stands, irrespective of white clover or companion grass cultivar. Stolon development of white clover in autumn is often considered essential for overwintering survival and spring growth. In this study, there was considerable survival of the non‐stoloniferous tap‐rooted seedlings of all four clover cultivars despite a severe winter.     

Seasonal changes in the crude protein concentration of mixed swards of white clover/perennial ryegrass grown without fertilizer N in an organic farming system in the United Kingdom

Changes in the crude protein (CP) concentration of white clover and perennial ryegrass herbage from a mixed sward were determined on six sampling dates from May to October in each of 2 years. The swards were grown without fertilizer N in an organic farming system and continuously grazed by dairy cows during the grazing season. The annual mean contents of white clover in the dry matter (DM) of the sward were 272·3 and 307·0 g kg⁻¹ in Years 1 and 2. The mean CP concentrations of the white clover and perennial ryegrass herbage were 251·6 and 151·9 g kg⁻¹ DM in Year 1 and 271·9 and 174·0 g kg⁻¹ DM in Year 2 respectively. The CP concentration of the white clover increased significantly during the grazing season from 220·0 to 284·1 g kg⁻¹ DM in Year 1 and from 269·0 to 315·5 g kg⁻¹ DM in Year 2. In the perennial ryegrass herbage the CP concentration increased from 112·2 to 172·6 g kg⁻¹ DM in Year 1 and from 142·7 to 239·5 g kg⁻¹ DM in Year 2. The rate of increase during the season in the CP concentration of the perennial ryegrass herbage was similar to the rate of increase recorded in the white clover herbage.     

Protein degradation and fermentation characteristics of unwilted red clover and alfalfa silage harvested at various times during the day

Extensive proteolysis during fermentation of high‐protein legumes reduces dietary N‐use efficiency in ruminants. Research has demonstrated that enhancing the level of fermentable carbohydrates in crops entering the silo may reduce protein degradation by increasing the rate of decline in pH. The objective was to evaluate whether delaying cutting time during the day, to allow accumulation of total non‐structural carbohydrates (TNC), would inhibit proteolysis in the silo. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were harvested at 06.00, 10.00, 14.00 and 18.00 hours in 1993, 1994 and 1995, and ensiled without wilting. TNC accumulated in fresh forage during the day, with starch accounting for more than 0·50 of the daily change in TNC in fresh herbage of both species, except in red clover in 1995. The level of TNC in fresh forage did not consistently affect the extent of protein degradation in either species and, in all instances, alfalfa underwent more extensive proteolysis than red clover. Silage pH typically decreased and starch concentration increased as cutting time was delayed from 06.00 to 18.00 hours. Although the extent of proteolysis was largely unaffected by inherent increases in TNC, harvesting in the afternoon did provide several benefits including increased dry‐matter content, lower silage pH and higher starch concentrations. Effluent production is a concern in any unwilted silage system; there was therefore an added advantage of lower moisture content from cutting in the afternoon.     

2种三叶草杂种F1代胚性愈伤组织筛选

以高加索三叶草(Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.)与白三叶(Trifolium.repens L.)杂交后胚离体培养产生的F₁无菌苗的茎段为外植体,筛选诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基,将F₁茎段产生的愈伤组织经过继代后转移到分化培养基中,研究不同浓度激素组合对体细胞胚胎产生的影响。结果表明:MS+6-BA+NAA是诱导F₁茎段愈伤组织的适宜培养基;MS+2,4-D+6-BA+NAA+KT+CH为F₁茎段愈伤组织的适宜分化培养基;对分化后的胚性愈伤进行组织学观察,可见其表面形成许多瘤状突起,即胚性细胞团,它们可以继续发育形成体细胞胚,为快速得到数量较多的杂种F₁再生苗奠定基础。     

表达AMV、WCMV外壳蛋白基因红三叶T1、T2代植株的分子生物学分析

随着生物技术的发展,转基因技术已经越来越多的应用到植物育种领域并发挥着重要的作用,将传统育种技术与转基因技术相结合,既可以缩短育种时间,并具有良好的经济效益.为最终获得能稳定遗传且性状优良的转基因植株,对其后代进行鉴定及筛选是非常重要的.本研究以抗苜蓿花叶病毒(AMV)转基因红三叶和抗白三叶花叶病毒(WCMV)的转基因红三叶人工杂交后代T1,T2代植株为研究对象,通过PCR及RT-PCR等分子生物学手段,对T1代34株植株进行PCR检测,筛选出12株阳性植株,其中兼有两种抗病基因的植株5株,各有一个抗病基因的植株7株,在这些植株中进行杂交组合,大部分杂交组合都结了种子,最终得到30株性状优良的T2代植株,对其进行PCR及RT-PCR检测,结果表明AMV与WCMV外壳蛋白基因能够在大部分T2代转基因植株中整合并表达,并且通过人工杂交,得到9株兼有两个抗病基因的杂交后代,外源基因稳定地从T0传至T2.同时也表明人工杂交是转基因植株基因累积的一种有效方法.     

免耕不同时期套种草木樨对小麦干物质动态变化的影响

研究了不同时期套种草木樨对免耕小麦开花后干物质的积累动态、分配特性和产量的影响.结果表明:小麦从花后到成熟总干物质变化趋势呈"S"型,均在花后第30天达到峰值后下降,且达峰值时拔节期、孕穗期、开花期和灌浆中期套草木樨处理的总干物质比CK分别高2 013.48,2 832.28,2 116.85,1 469.56 kg/hm2;4个不同时期处理在整个灌浆期间干物质总的积累量分别比对照提高41%,58%,54%和46%,可见,免耕小麦不同时期套种草木樨提高了花后小麦总干物质积累水平.在干物质分配方面,免耕小麦不同时期套种草木樨对干物质在不同器官中的分配比例影响甚小.免耕小麦不同时期套种草木樨能够较大幅度地提高产量,与对照相比,拔节期、孕穗期、开花期、灌浆中期套草木樨处理分别增产24%,45%,22%,28%,这主要是因为免耕不同时期套种草木樨能够提高小麦的光合能力,促进光合产物的积累.     

同时接种解磷细菌与丛枝菌根真菌对低磷土壤红三叶草养分利用的影响

【目的】研究解磷细菌和丛枝菌根真菌同时接种,对低磷土壤养分利用的影响。【方法】采用盆栽试验,通过测定生长于石灰性低磷土壤上红三叶草地上部的生物量及氮、磷营养吸收和根际酸性磷酸酶活性,研究丛枝菌根真菌、4种解磷细菌(编号分别为B1、B2、B3和B4)单独接种及同时接种对石灰性低磷土壤植物生长及氮、磷养分利用的影响。【结果】在石灰性低磷土壤条件下,4种解磷细菌单独接种对红三叶草植株地上部的生长和总吸磷量均无促进作用;单独接种丛枝菌根菌或不同解磷细菌与丛枝菌根真菌同时接种,均能显著提高红三叶草地上部干质量和总吸氮、磷量;在同时接种处理中,解磷细菌B4与丛枝菌根真菌间的相互作用对红三叶草的生长和氮、磷营养吸收具有明显的协同效应,能显著提高红三叶草地上部干质量、总吸氮和吸磷量及红三叶草根际酸性磷酸酶的活性。【结论】在石灰性低磷土壤中,解磷细菌与丛枝菌根真菌同时接种,对植物的氮、磷养分吸收具有明显的互作效应,但这种互作效应与解磷细菌和丛枝菌根真菌的种类有关,解磷细菌B4与丛枝菌根菌同时接种效果最佳。     

白三叶草/根瘤菌共生固氮潜力及干旱限制因素

为了探讨白三叶草生物固氮与土壤水分供应和菌种基因型的关系,采用温室盆栽试验方法,对9个基因型的三叶草根瘤菌固氮效率和与土壤含水量的关系进行了研究.结果发现,根瘤菌接种后,白三叶草叶片含氮量明显增加,有3个基因型的根瘤菌接种植株后叶片氮含量达到对照的3倍以上,据此可根据根瘤菌的基因型来预测其同氮效率,共生固氮效率与根瘤菌基因型的关系较与分离宿主的关系更加密切.在中度干旱胁迫下,白三叶草植株地上部生物量积累所受影响较地下部所受影响更大,在白三叶草与根瘤菌共生体系建立过程中,当根瘤菌同定的氮素可以满足植株生长需要时,干旱胁迫可能成为生长的限制因子.     

灌溉对白三叶生殖生长及种子产量和质量的影响

白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)是温带重要的豆科牧草,在我国草地改良及生态环境建设中具有重要作用。而目前我国白三叶种子主要依靠进口,其生产研究匮乏、技术落后,使之生产利用受到严重制约。本研究以白三叶海法品种为对象,于2003年11月-2005年6月在云南省种羊场,采用随机区组试验设计,设置5个水分调控处理;结合室内土培法,通过对白三叶种子田需水量及灌水时间的确定,水分对白三叶种子产量及产量构成要素的影响、对营养生长与生殖生长的调控、对种子发育及种子质量的影响等方面研究其种子生产的高产灌溉制度,并从生理生化的角度研究水分对白三叶生长发育的调控。     

Genetic variation in a Norwegian germplasm collection of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Phenotypic (r_p), genotypic (r_g), genotype × location (r_gl) and error (r_e)correlations for important agronomic characters were estimated for eleven Norwegian populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), originating from between 58^°52′N and 69^°30′N latitude, and from altitudes of 10 to 450 m a.s.l. The populations were evaluated in monoculture clonal field plots for two years at two locations in Norway. All pairwise correlations between foliage height, leaflet length, dry matter yield (DMY) and general performance were positive and significant. Winter survival was positively correlated with general performance, spring growth and DMY, but negatively associated with internode length, while seed yield showed a small positive genotypic correlation with foliage height. Considerable differences were, however, revealed among populations with regard to sign and magnitude of the estimated correlations. Within-population estimates of r_g were consistently positive between DMY, general performance and most other characters; between foliage height on the one hand and leaflet length, winter survival and seed yield on the other hand, and between internode length and leaflet length, indicating pleiotropy. Correlations involving other character-combinations varied substantially among populations, and imply presence of linkage and/or coadaptation. Path coefficient analysis was used to partition the genotypic correlations between some of the characters into direct and indirect effects. Path coefficients revealed that foliage height had the highest positive direct effect on DMY, followed by winter survival and internode length. Leaflet length, which showed a positive, significant simple correlation with DMY, exhibited a negligible direct influence, counterbalanced nearly completely by the positive indirect effect on DMY via foliage height. Positive indirect effects on DMY via foliage height were also found for winter survival and internode length. The coastal populations from North and Middle Norway, and a southern highland population showed the largest expected responses to phenotypic selection for most of the characters. The results demonstrate that there is enough genetic variation in adapted local populations to develop new improved cultivars adapted to high-latitude environments that combine upright growth habit with sufficient winter-hardiness and persistency. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.