柑桔冻害情况调查及其分析

本文据实地调查报道了江西省1991年冬柑枯冻害的天气状况和冻害面积、程度、损失等,并分析了致冻天气、冻害症状、冻害因素等特点,为进一步研究柑桔冻害规律,避免或预防冻害,促进柑桔生产稳定发展提供理论依据。     

Higher Chilling-Tolerance of Grafted-Cucumber Seedling Leaves upon Exposure to Chilling Stress

The roots of figleaf gourd （Cucurbita ficifolia, as rootstock） could improve the resistance of cucumber plants （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinyan 4, as scion） to low temperature. In this experiment, the root activity and photosynthetic activity of photosystems in the own-rooted and grafted-cucumber plants were studied at chilling temperature （4℃） under low irradiance （100 μmol m^2 s^-1 PFD）. Compared with dark adaptation seedlings, the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient curve and the oxidizable P700 （P700＋） of both the own-rooted and grafted seedlings decreased, and PS2 and PS1 of the own-rooted seedling leaves were more inhibited than that of grafted ones at the end of chilling stress. The reduced triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC）, which was used to reflect the root activity, kept stable in grafted seedling roots at the end of chilling stress, while it decreased noticeably in the own-rooted seedling roots. These results implied that the root system activity of the grafted seedling roots was higher than that of the own-rooted ones. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was higher in both the grafted seedling roots and leaves than that in own-rooted seedlings at both room temperature and chilling temperature. Upon exposure to chilling stress, the malondialdehyde （MDA） content, which reflects the degree of lipid peroxidation, increased markedly in the own-rooted seedling roots and leaves and kept stable in the grafted-cucumber seedlings.     

1 MCP对不同品种猕猴桃果实冷害的调控作用

以红阳、华优和徐香3种猕猴桃果实为材料,用0.5 μL·L^-1的1 甲基环丙烯（1 MCP）在20 ℃下处理果实24 h,然后将其在0 ℃下贮藏90 d,研究1 MCP处理对其贮藏过程中冷害的影响。结果表明,0.5 μL·L^-1的1 MCP处理可以延缓和减轻美味猕猴桃徐香冷害的发生,但却加重中华猕猴桃红阳冷害的发生,而对中华猕猴桃华优冷害的影响不显著。0.5 μL·L^-1的1 MCP处理降低徐香果实中丙二醛（MDA）含量,显著抑制乙烯释放高峰值,却提高红阳MDA含量和乙烯释放峰值;同时1 MCP处理显著降低红阳贮藏期间的呼吸速率,但对华优和徐香贮藏后期呼吸速率的影响不明显。     

基于寒害过程的福建芒果种植气候风险区划

通过冬季寒害灾情调查、果园定位观测、地理移置和人工气候箱低温致灾试验4种渠道,收集芒果寒害的灾情样本39例,从而确定芒果寒害临界温度为2.0℃。在此基础上,筛选出福建芒果主产县市2001-2014年冬季28个寒害过程,通过将寒害过程温度、降水等气象因子与相对气象产量进行相关分析,确定芒果寒害致灾因子为过程极端最低气温、日最低气温≤2.0℃有害积寒、≤2.0℃寒害过程持续日数、≤2.0℃寒害过程降温幅度。利用主成分分析对4个致灾因子进行综合简化,得到芒果寒害评价的综合气候指标,结合相对气象产量确定了指标分级。根据寒害综合气候指标等级,应用GIS方法完成福建省芒果寒害种植气候风险区划,无寒害-轻度寒害的区域主要分布在沿海地区,是引种芒果优质品种寒害风险最低的区域。     

宝鸡市区2008年早春园林植物冻害调查

通过对宝鸡市区园林植物冻害调查发现,不同树种受害等级不同;同一树种在不同的栽培环境,不同生长状况;不同部位以及不同的管理措施条件下,受冻等级不同.对受冻等级不同的植物,采取不同的补救措施.     

Therapeutic Plasma Exchange for Venom-Induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy Following Hump-Nosed Pit Viper (Genus: Hypnale) Bites: A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction—Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), which is the triad of acute kidney injury (AKI), microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), and thrombocytopenia, is a rare complication of snakebites, and in Sri Lanka, it is commonly seen with hump-nosed pit viper (HNPV) bites.Methods—We conducted a prospective observational study of patients with AKI caused by HNPV bites in Teaching Hospital, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka for 6 y, commencing in June 2015. Some patients with TMA underwent therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and some did not. These 2 groups were compared. Statistical analysis was carried out using Minitab 18.1. Data were presented as median (IQR).Results—There were 52 (8%) patients with TMA, of whom 21 (45%) were in the TPE group and 26 (55%) were in the non-TPE group. TPE improved time to platelet correction (4 d [IQR, 4–5 d] vs 7 d [IQR, 5–9 d]; P=0.009), time to MAHA correction (5 d [IQR, 3–4 d] vs 7 d [IQR, 6–9 d]; P=0.004), time to prothrombin time (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) correction (1 d [IQR, 1–2 d] vs 3 d [IQR, 3–4 d]; P=0.003), and time to 20 min whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) correction (2 d [IQR, 1–2 d] vs 3 d [1QR 2–3 d]; P=0.020). Renal recovery was predicted by TPE (P=0.048) and highest creatinine level (P=0.001). There was no association between TPE and dialysis dependency at discharge (P=0.597), length of hospital stay (P=0.220), and the number of dialysis cycles prior to discharge (P=0.540). TPE did not improve the number of blood transfusions (5 packs [IQR, 3–8.5 packs] vs 4 packs [IQR, 0–9 packs]; P=0.290).Conclusions—TPE is effective for TMA in the early correction of platelet counts, MAHA, PT/INR, and WBCT20 in HNPV bites.     

小麦分蘖期冻害后增施恢复肥的产量挽回效应及其生理机制

【目的】小麦越冬期低温冻害时有发生,影响产量形成,而前人关于越冬期冻害的补救措施报道较少,因此研究分蘖期受冻小麦施用恢复肥挽回产量的效应,探明增施尿素恢复产量的生理原因,可为小麦抗逆栽培提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用小麦品种扬麦16,利用人工智能控温室,设置昼夜温度-2℃/-6℃(2012年)和-2℃/-8℃(2013年),分别处理24、48、72 h,处理结束后5 d调查植株冻害指数。随后一次性增施恢复肥尿素(N 46%)75、150 kg·hm-2(2012)和75、120、180 kg·hm~(-2)(2013)补救,增施尿素后10、20、30 d取主茎展二叶,测定可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和内源激素含量变化,成熟期测量株高并收获籽粒测产。【结果】分蘖期低温胁迫后扬麦16受冻指数随着胁迫时间的延长由0.2上升到0.5左右。施肥补救后10 d,所有处理植株可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸以及脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素核甘(ZR)含量随胁迫时间延长呈增加趋势,不施肥处理显著高于施恢复肥处理,相同处理时段,随恢复肥施用量增加上述指标呈下降趋势,赤霉素(GA3)含量呈相反变化趋势;增施尿素后20 d,施肥处理可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量、ABA和ZR含量较不施肥处理快速下降,GA3含量上升;施肥后30 d,各低温处理的渗透调节物质和内源激素含量已恢复至接近自然对照水平。随低温处理时间延长,小麦产量、基部Ⅰ、Ⅱ节间长度及株高降低,相同处理时段内,基部节间长度、株高及产量恢复和挽回效应随恢复肥施用量增加而提高。【结论】分蘖期受冻小麦根据受冻指数及时适量施用恢复肥能明显缓解低温伤害,表现为植株渗透调节物质含量下降以及激素更趋于平衡,促进新生分蘖发生和基部Ⅰ、Ⅱ节间伸长,一定程度上挽回了产量的损失。研究兼顾产量挽回效应和氮肥偏生产力,提出分蘖期受冻指数为0.2左右的轻度冻害推荐施尿素75 kg·hm-2,受冻指数0.36左右的中度冻害推荐施尿素120 kg·hm-2,受冻指数0.5左右的重度冻害推荐施尿素180 kg·hm-2。