Microbial protein formation of different carbohydrates in vitro

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial protein yield of different pure carbohydrates to contribute to a more precise prediction of the microbial protein formed in the rumen. In a first experiment, sucrose, wheat starch, microcrystalline cellulose and citrus pectin were incubated for 8 and 24 hr in the modified Hohenheim gas test (HGT) system (3 runs × 2 syringes) including gas production, ammonia and short‐chain fatty acid concentration measurements. Ammonia values were used for estimation of the microbial protein formation. In a second experiment, the same substrates were incubated for 96 hr in the HGT system (2 runs × 3 syringes) and gas production was measured after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hr of incubation to obtain the fermentation kinetics and the time of half‐maximal gas production (t_1/2) of the substrates. The substrates differed considerably in their fermentation kinetics, and therefore, comparison on the basis of t_1/2 was chosen as the most meaningful. At t_1/2, microbial protein yield [g/kg dry matter] was higher for cellulose than for sucrose and pectin and higher for starch than for sucrose. The microbial protein expressed in g/L gas production was higher for starch and cellulose than for sucrose and pectin at t_1/2. Effects of carbohydrates related to ruminal pH may remain undetected in in vitro trials.     

中国东北松嫩平原丹顶鹤繁殖种群调查(英文)

自2004年至2008年,在白鹤GEF项目的支持下,全国鸟类环志中心于每年5月在东北松嫩平原的4个国家级自然保护区,即黑龙江的扎龙国家级自然保护区、内蒙古的科尔沁国家级自然保护区、吉林的向海和莫莫格国家级自然保护区,开展了繁殖水鸟的地面调查。调查的目的在于了解各个保护区繁殖水鸟的分布和种群动态。丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是本调查活动的重要目标物种。通过5年的调查,了解到松嫩平原的扎龙保护区是目前丹顶鹤最为重要的繁殖地,逾90%的繁殖丹顶鹤种群分布在扎龙保护区,但种群数量变动较大,变动幅度介于112–275只之间。良好的芦苇(Phragmites australis)生境是丹顶鹤的繁殖种群保持稳定和增长的首要条件。通过给湿地供水可以缓解丹顶鹤繁殖栖息地的快速退化,但科学合理的供水机制是保证丹顶鹤繁殖成功的前提。     

完善我国地方税制度的思考及建议

我国新一轮的税制改革即将开始,这将是继1994年分税制改革以来,我国又一次大的税收制度的调整,其目标是使我国的分税制体制更加完善,更加与市场经济相适应.税制改革中地方税制度的改革是十分关键的一部分,文中分析了当前我国地方税制度中存在的问题,并提出了一些构思性的设想.     

旱地小麦套种花生粮油双高产技术研究

大田试验表明，旱地麦田增施有机肥料，能有效提高土壤肥力，增加土壤贮水能力；在花生套种垄上地膜覆盖，能起到保水、集雨、提温的效果，进而提高小麦和花生产量，覆膜越早效果越明显。因此，增施有机肥和进行秋季覆膜是旱地麦套花生取得粮油双高产的有效途径。     

Heart Rate Variability in Horses Engaged in Equine-Assisted Activities

Although there has been a recent surge in using horses to treat mental and emotional human health issues, the consequences of horse-assisted interventions on the stress response of horses have not been well documented. Assessment of the autonomic nervous system and its regulation of cardiovascular function has been used as an indicator of acute and chronic stress in human beings and horses. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive measurement that has been used to assess autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular function. There is evidence to suggest that several factors including the genotype, behavior, environment, temperament, and nutritional status of the horse play a key role in the large inter-individual variations in basal HRV. The present study determined whether 24-hour HRV recordings in horses currently working in equine-assisted therapy (EAT) differ from those previously shown in Thoroughbred horses. Findings from the present study found that in contrast to previous studies in Thoroughbred horses, diurnal and nocturnal low frequency and high frequency powers were not significantly different in horses that are currently engaged in EAT. Future studies are needed to determine the short- and long-term consequences of horses participating in EAT programs. Findings from this study will provide the basis for the development of a physiological/behavioral assessment criteria to determine the consequences of EAT on the well-being of horses as well as to help EAT Centers to improve the beneficial effects of EAT in human beings.     

甘肃天祝牧区白牦牛乳脂肪中脂肪酸的分析

以甘肃天祝地区3个牧场所产的白牦牛乳为研究对象,采用气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法,测定3个牧场所产白牦牛乳中脂肪酸含量,比较在枯草期、枯草末期、返青期、青草期4个时期及不同胎次的白牦牛所产牦牛乳中脂肪酸的构成及含量.结果表明:3个牧场白牦牛乳中乳脂肪酸含量差异不显著(P＞0.05);1～5胎次母白牦牛乳中脂肪酸含量差异不显著(P＞0.05).枯草期、枯草末期、返青期、青草期4个时期白牦牛乳中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、不饱和脂肪酸(USFA)含量比值分别为1.86、1.75、1.62、1.32.随着气温的升高及牧草的成熟,白牦牛乳中饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐降低,而不饱和脂肪酸的含量逐渐升高.