不同施肥与生物质炭配施对水稻田面水氮磷流失及产量的影响

通过研究减氮施肥及施用生物质炭对田面水氮磷流失风险和水稻性状的影响,结果表明:不同施肥处理田面水总氮、溶解性氮、铵态氮浓度均在施肥后第2天达到最高,然后迅速下降,并于7d后趋于稳定,稳定后浓度分别是顶峰值的5.6％～16.3％,8.4％～23.7％和25.0％～46.1％;不同施肥处理田面水总磷浓度在施肥后第3天达到最高,而后迅速下降,一周后趋于稳定;可溶磷浓度在施肥后4～5 d内处于一个平稳的状态,而后平缓下降至施肥前水平.氮磷浓度在减氮(20％)施肥条件下与常规施肥相比均降低.减氮施肥对产量的影响不大,但减氮施肥结合生物质炭处理水稻产量与常规施肥相比提高了24.6％,达到7 391.5 kg/hm2;减氮施肥降低了氮素流失风险,但减氮施肥结合生物质炭处理则明显提高田面水中总磷的浓度,增加磷素流失的风险.在施肥后1周内是控制氮磷流失风险的最佳时期,此时若遇暴雨,将导致氮磷随径流大量流失.     

功能性肥料对制种玉米田物理性质和微生物数量的影响及最佳施肥量的研究

在甘肃河西内陆灌区的灌漠土上,采用田间试验方法,研究了功能性肥料对制种玉米田物理性质、微生物数量的影响及最佳施肥量。结果表明：影响玉米产量的因素由大到小依次为：CO(NH2)2>(NH4)2HPO4>抗重茬剂和聚乙烯醇。因素间最佳组合是：A3B2C1D1(即抗重茬剂30 kg/hm2,CO(NH2)2 600 kg/hm2,(NH4)2HPO4 350 kg/hm2,聚乙烯醇30 kg/hm2)。功能性肥料施用量与制种玉米田总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、团聚体、微生物数量呈线性正相关关系,与制种玉米田体积质量呈线性负相关关系。随着功能性肥料施用量梯度的增加,玉米边际产量、边际利润在递减,功能性肥料施用量在1 350 kg/hm2的基础上,再增加337.50 kg/hm2,收益出现负值。经回归统计分析,功能性肥料施用量与玉米产量间的肥料效应回归方程是：y = 3 782.61 + 1.650 5x - 0.000 378 7 x2,功能性肥料经济效益最佳施肥量(x0)为1 350.01 kg/hm2,玉米理论产量(y)为6 700.99 kg/hm2,计算结果与最佳施用量试验处理5相吻合。     

有机肥质量分数对土壤导水率稳定性的影响

饱和导水率是水循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,也是土壤结构改善的重要指标.通过室内土柱模拟实验研究有机肥添加量对风沙土和壤土导水率的影响.土壤添加有机肥的比例设置为0％、5％、10％、15％、20％、25％、30％7个水平,土壤密度设3个水平,各处理5个重复.结果表明：1）土壤饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈降低趋势,风沙土的饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈直线下降趋势,而壤土饱和导水率的降低趋势随有机肥质量分数的增加减缓;2）有机肥质量分数的增加对土壤密度的降低作用可以抵消有机肥增加导致的饱和导水率的降低;3）低土壤密度下土壤导水率随时间变化不稳定,土壤密度增大后随时间变化稳定.随着有机肥质量分数的增加,土壤导水率的测定过程趋于稳定,但是测定时间延长.     

The influence of phosphate fertilizer application levels and cultivars on cadmium uptake by Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis)

Cadmium (Cd) is a common impurity in phosphate fertilizers and application of phosphate fertilizer may contribute to soil Cd accumulation. Changes in Cd burdens to agricultural soils and the potential for plant Cd accumulation resulting from fertilizer input were investigated in this study. A field experiment was conducted on Haplaquept to investigate the influence of calcium superphosphate on extractable and total soil Cd and on growth and Cd uptake of different Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) cultivars. Four cultivars of Komatsuna were grown on the soil and harvested after 60 days. The superphosphate application increased total soil Cd from 2.51 to 2.75?mg?kg^?1, 0.1?mol?L^?1 hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractable Cd from 1.48 to 1.55?mg?kg^?1, 0.01?mol?L^?1 HCl extractable Cd from 0.043 to 0.046?mg?kg^?1 and water extractable Cd from 0.0057 to 0.0077?mg?kg^?1. Cd input reached 5.68?g?ha^–1 at a rate of 240?kg?ha^–1 superphosphate fertilizer application. Superphosphate affected dry-matter yield of leaves to different degrees in each cultivar. ‘Nakamachi’ produced the highest yield in 2008 and ‘Hamami No. 2’ in 2009. Compared with the control (no phosphate fertilizer), application of superphosphate at a rate of 240?kg?ha^–1 increased the Cd concentration in dry leaves by 0.14?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Maruha’, 1.03?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Nakamachi’, 0.63?mg?kg^?1 in ‘SC8-007’ in 2008, and by 0.19?mg?kg^?1 in Maruha’, 0.17?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Hamami No. 2’, while it decreased by 0.27?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Nakamachi’ in 2009. Field experiments in two years demonstrated that applications of different levels of calcium superphosphate did not influence Cd concentration in soil and Komatsuna significantly. However, there was a significant difference in Cd concentration of fresh and dry Komatsuna leaves among four cultivars in 2008 and 2009. The highest Cd concentration was found in the ‘Nakamachi’ cultivar (2.14?mg?kg^?1 in 2008 and 1.91?mg?kg^?1 in 2009). The lowest Cd concentration was observed in the ‘Maruha’ cultivar (1.51?mg?kg^?1?dry weight (DW)) in 2008 and in the ‘Hamami No. 2’ cultivar (1.56?mg?kg^?1?DW) in 2009. A decreasing trend in Cd concentration was found in ‘Nakamachi’, followed by ‘SC8-007’, ‘Hamami No. 2’ and ‘Maruha’ successively. It is necessary to consider a low-uptake cultivar for growing in a Cd polluted soil. In these two years’ results, ‘Maruha’ cultivar was the lowest Cd uptake cultivar compared to the others.     

Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.     

水氮用量对设施栽培蔬菜地土壤氨挥发损失的影响

【目的】针对我国设施蔬菜生产中存在的水肥过量施用问题,研究不同水氮条件下黄瓜-番茄种植体系内的土壤氨挥发特征,探讨影响设施菜地土壤氨挥发的重要因子,为降低氮肥的氨挥发损失、 建立合理的灌溉和施肥制度提供参考。【方法】以华北平原设施黄瓜-番茄轮作菜地为研究对象,设常规灌溉(W1)和减量灌溉(W2)2个灌溉水平,每种灌溉水平下设不施氮(N0)、 减量施氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)3个氮水平,共6个处理组合(W1N0、 W1N1、 W1N2、 W2N0、 W2N1、 W2N2)。采用通气法监测不同水氮条件下黄瓜-番茄轮作体系内的土壤氨挥发动态,分析与土壤氨挥发相关的主要影响因子。【结果】设施黄瓜-番茄种植体系内表层(0—10 cm)土壤铵态氮受施肥的影响波动较大,与常规施氮(N2)相比,相同灌水条件下减量施氮(N1)处理的0—10 cm土层铵态氮浓度最高值降低了25.1%~30.3%(P 0.05)。减量施氮可显著降低土壤氨挥发速率。与常规施氮(N2)相比,减量施氮处理(N1)在黄瓜季和番茄季内的氨挥发速率均值分别降低了21.1%~22.8%(P0.05)和16.5%~17.9%(P0.05)。整个黄瓜-番茄轮作周期内,土壤氨挥发损失量和氮肥的氨挥发损失率分别为17.8~48.1 kg/hm2和1.23%~1.44%。与常规施氮(N2)相比,减量施氮处理(N1)的土壤氨挥发损失量及氮肥的氨挥发损失率分别降低了19.3%~20.0%(P0.05)和0.85~0.92个百分点。各处理土壤氨挥发速率与0—10 cm土壤铵态氮浓度呈显著或极显著正相关,说明0—10 cm土壤铵态氮浓度是土壤氨挥发的重要驱动因子。与常规灌溉(W1)相比,减量灌溉(W2)条件下设施菜地土壤氨挥发速率及氨挥发损失量略有增加(P0.05)。适宜减少氮肥及灌溉量不仅能够维持较高的蔬菜产量,而且显著提高了灌溉水和氮肥的利用效率。其中减量施氮处理(N1)的氮肥农学效率比常规施氮(N2)提高了95.4%~146.4%; 减量灌溉(W2)的灌溉水农学效率比常规灌溉(W1)提高了27.7%~54.0%。【结论】通过合理的节水减氮措施可达到抑制氮肥氨挥发损失、 增加产量以及提高水氮利用效率的目的。在供试条件下,节水30%左右、 减施氮量25%的水氮组合(W2N1)具有较佳的经济效益与环境效应。     

干旱胁迫与正常供水钾肥影响甘薯光合特性及块根产量的差异

【目的】干旱胁迫影响甘薯叶片光合特性及块根产量,研究通过施肥缓解干旱胁迫机理可为甘薯抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种“泰中6号”为材料,以硫酸钾(K2SO4)为供试肥料,水分处理设为土壤最大持水量的60%~70%(正常供水W1)和30%~40%(干旱处理W0); 钾肥设K0、 K1、 K2、 K3四个水平,K2O用量分别为0、 12.0、 24.0和36.0 g/m2。分析不同钾肥用量对不同生长时期甘薯叶片相对含水量、 叶绿素荧光参数、 光合特性及收获期块根产量的影响。【结果】在干旱胁迫和正常灌水条件下,施钾处理均显著增加了甘薯叶面积和叶片叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率(Pn),增加光合产物的生产和积累,提高块根产量和收获指数。两种水分条件下,块根产量均以K2处理最高, 干旱胁迫下K2与K3处理差异显著,正常灌水处理不显著。两种水分条件下,甘薯叶片光合参数对钾肥的响应存在显著差异,干旱胁迫下施钾使叶片水分利用效率(WUE)增大,气孔导度(Gs)降低,气孔阻力增大,蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,水分蒸腾量减少; 而正常灌水条件下上述指标对钾肥的响应趋势相反。两种水分条件下施钾均可以增大叶片相对含水量(RWC),提高实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),但是干旱胁迫下施钾增幅较大。【结论】干旱胁迫下适量施钾可以提高甘薯的抗旱性,增加甘薯产量,过量施钾使甘薯产量显著降低,而正常水分供应时,稍多钾肥对产量影响不显著。干旱胁迫与正常灌水条件下施钾对叶片光合参数的调控效应存在显著差异。施用钾肥可增大叶面积,提高叶绿素含量和光合性能,调节叶片气孔关闭,增大叶片气孔阻力,减少水分蒸腾损失,增加叶片相对含水量,提高水分利用效率和净光合速率; 施钾还能提高叶片PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和实际光化学效率,减少过剩激发能对光合机构的破坏,提高甘薯叶片的光合能力。干旱条件下钾肥的调节功能优于正常水肥供应。     

吉林省玉米施肥效果与肥料利用效率现状研究

【目的】本研究通过收集整理2005~2013年国家测土配方施肥项目在吉林省布置的1110个“3414”田间试验,分析了施用氮、磷、钾肥对玉米产量、经济效益的影响,测算了氮、磷、钾肥的利用效率,目的在于明确当前生产条件下吉林省玉米的施肥效果与肥料利用效率,为肥料的合理施用与配置提供依据。【方法】选取玉米“3414”田间试验的处理1（N₀P₀K₀）、处理2（N₀P₂K₂）、处理4（N₂P₀K₂）、处理6（N₂P₂K₂）和处理8（N₂P₂K₀）,分别记为不施肥（CK）、不施氮（-N）、不施磷（-P）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）和不施钾（-K）处理,研究不同施肥处理下的玉米产量、产值、施肥利润和产投比,比较增施氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应以及不同肥料的农学效率、偏生产力和肥料贡献率。另外,分析不施肥处理（缺素处理）玉米产量与相应肥料贡献率之间的关系,并利用模型进行模拟。【结果】不施肥条件下,当前吉林省玉米的平均产量和产值分别为6.6 t/hm2和1.21×103 yuan/hm2。施肥可显著提高玉米的产量和经济收益,其中以NPK处理的玉米产量和施肥利润最高,平均分别为10.1 t/hm2和5.07×103 yuan/hm2,其后分别为-K处理（8.9 t/hm2、3.27×103 yuan/hm2）、-P处理（8.7 t/hm2、2.83×103 yuan/hm2）和-N处理（7.7 t/hm2、1.39×103 yuan/hm2）。在其他养分施用基础上,增施氮、磷、钾肥可平均分别增产2.36 t/hm2（35.1%）、1.39 t/hm2（18.0%）和1.18 t/hm2（14.9%）,平均施肥利润分别为3.68×103、2.24×103和1.80×103 yuan/hm2。当前生产条件下,吉林省玉米在氮磷钾配施条件下的肥料农学效率、偏生产力和肥料贡献率分别为11.4 kg/kg N、32.8 kg/kg和34.7%,而增施氮、磷、钾肥的平均农学效率分别为14.3 kg/kg N、20.5 kg/kg P₂O₅和17.2 kg/kg K₂O,平均偏生产力分别为61.1、146.4和142.4 kg/kg,平均肥料贡献率分别为23.4%、14.1%和11.9%。分析发现,氮磷钾肥配施（或某一肥料）的肥料贡献率随不施肥处理（或相应缺素处理）玉米产量的提高而显著下降,且关系符合对数函数模型,说明提高基础地力可减少对外源肥料的依赖。【结论】吉林省玉米氮磷钾肥的增产效果和肥料利用率相比全国平均水平较高,但仍需重视氮肥管理以稳产增效,继续大力推广平衡适量施肥理念及相应技术,在实现作物增产的同时提高肥料利用效率并促进土壤培肥。     

The effect of NPK fertilizer with different nitrogen solubility on growth,nutrient uptake and use by chrysanthemum

The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer with different nitrogen forms on N, P, K use, uptake and growth of potted chrysanthemum plants during three vegetation phases was observed in two - years experiment. In the experiment, NPK fertilizer with slow soluble nutrients with different nitrogen forms: ureaform, (IBDU) isobutyledenediurea and melamin, was used. At control treatment the identical fertilizer was applied but the nitrogen was in ammonia and urea forms as usually used in horticulture. The experiment clearly showed the positive effect of NPK fertilizer containing half nitrogen amount in ureaform, on growth and plant nutrient uptake. This effect of nitrogen ureaform was confirmed by both the highest uptake of N, P, K and the highest yield of biomass. The NPK fertilizer with half nitrogen content in ureaform ensured optimal nutrient release according chrysanthemum nutrient requirement.     

不同气候和土壤条件下秸秆腐解过程中养分的释放特征及其影响因素

农田土壤中秸秆腐解伴随氮磷钾养分的释放是重要的生物地球化学过程,也是秸秆还田替代化肥养分的基础。了解不同农区秸秆分解过程中的养分释放动态,揭示秸秆、气候和土壤条件的交互作用机制,是制定秸秆还田合理措施的理论基础。基于寒温带-暖温带-中亚热带的黑土、潮土、红壤互置试验平台,研究了小麦、玉米秸秆在3年腐解过程中养分释放过程和影响因素。结果表明,秸秆中养分释放速率的大小顺序为KPN;秸秆中氮素和磷素在寒温带以及在红壤和潮土中表现为先富集再释放特征,在暖温带、中亚热带以及黑土中表现为直接释放特征;秸秆中钾素均表现为直接快速释放特征,在腐解0.5 a平均释放率达89.5%。气候和土壤条件主导了氮磷的释放,其相对平均贡献率分别为19.5%和15.2%。在腐解后期(2~3 a)气候、土壤和秸秆因素对养分释放的贡献率30%,说明土壤生物因素可能起了主导作用。