退耕还林工程建设对吴起县域植被碳储量的影响

采用标准样地调查结合数据分析的方法研究了吴起县退耕还林工程实施后,人工林的含碳率、碳储量及空间分布特征,结果表明：吴起县9类退耕还林地植被层总碳密度由大到小的顺序为：柠条〉刺槐〉沙棘〉紫穗槐〉臭椿〉山杏〉山桃〉侧柏〉油松,均大于天然草地的总碳密度;吴起县退耕还林12年后植被的总碳储量为152.53万t,是退耕还林前1998年总碳储量的3.2倍,且其空间分布也发生了较大的转变。吴起县退耕还林地的平均碳密度值远低于我国及世界各地森林平均碳密度的一些估计值,各类林地生态系统的碳储量还有很大潜力空间。     

农业碳排放与经济增长的脱钩效应分析——以重庆市为例

农业经济增长对资源所产生依赖的变化趋势及农业发展与资源环境的关系日渐引起学术界的广泛关注.以重庆市1978-2012年农业生产资料投入数据为基础,根据IPCC提出的碳转化系数计算方法,探讨了农业碳排放与经济增长的关系并进行了脱钩效应分析.结果表明：从时间上看,34年来重庆市农业碳排放总量年均增长率为3.53％,化肥施用和农业灌溉是农业碳排放的主要来源.在区域微观层面上,农业投入产生的农业碳排放与经济增长之间呈现出环境库兹涅茨曲线趋势特征.从脱钩分析来看,农业碳排放与经济增长之间以强负脱钩、弱脱钩为主要特征.     

大沽河口湿地不同植被类型下土壤表层微生物生物量碳(MBC)的变化(英文)

对大沽河口湿地3种植被类型5个样点7月份土壤表层微生物生物量(MBC)进行的测定结果表明:MBC含量在五个样点之间的差异显著,其含量依次为养殖池塘地芦苇(样点二)河边芦苇(样点五)海草(样点三)河漫滩(样点四)碱蓬(样点一)。土壤MBC与土壤含水量、有机质含量之间具有极显著的相关关系;认为在常见的湿地植物中,芦苇是地上生物量和地下生物量都较高的一种植物,有其种植的湿地土壤中MBC的含量较高,表明与其他常见湿地植物相比,芦苇更有利于土壤MBC的积累,对保护湿地和恢复湿地生态系统功能具有重要的作用。     

Removal of Dispersed Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Olive Stones

In order to valorize olive stones and to show its potential use in the sorption of two dispersed dyes, it was transformed in activate carbon and characterized. The effects of different system variables： pH, agitation speed, temperature and initial dye concentration were studied in the batch tests. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon for the dyes removal was found to be affected by the solution＇s pH. Acidic pH was found the favour disperse dyes removal. Over 95% removal was achieved for both the dyes at pH 3. The equilibrium time for both dyes was 30 min. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms could be used to describe the adsorption of the dyes. Freundlich adsorption model succeeded in fitting the adsorption isotherms of dyes on olive stones activated carbon in single-solute systems, and prediction of the competitive adsorption behavior of dyes with the Freundlich-based Sheindorf-Rebuhn-Sheintuch （SRS） model gave acceptable results.     

Analysis on Variation of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Content and Carbon Storage in the Oasis Cotton Field of Manas River Valley

[目的]为了对绿洲棉田土壤有机碳、全氮的分布状况进行研究。[方法]以天山北坡玛纳斯河流域绿洲棉田为研究区,以弃耕地为对照,采用地统计学方法,研究连续23年种植棉花地的土壤0～30、30～60和60～100 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮的分布特征。[结果]玛纳斯河流域绿洲棉田土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈垂直分布,且随着土壤深度的增加而降低,并且0～30 cm土层明显高于30 cm以下土层,土壤有机碳储量呈现增加的趋势;弃耕地土壤有机碳、全氮亦呈垂直分布,且随着土壤深度的增加而含量降低,有机碳含量差异明显,并且弃耕地土壤有机碳含量呈逐月下降趋势,而棉田土壤有机碳储量变化呈先减少后增加,即棉花生长初期,0～30和30～100 cm土层有机碳储量降低,到花期最低;而随着棉花进入生殖生长后期,有机碳储量呈现增加趋势;弃耕地有机碳储量因没有植株凋落物的输入而呈现逐月降低的趋势,二者有机碳含量差异明显。[结论]绿洲棉田土壤有机碳、全氮含量明显高于弃耕地,土壤有机碳储量呈现增加的趋势,且主要发生在0~30 cm土层,在30～100 cm土层中有机碳、全氮含量变化差异不大。     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

Carbon Sequestration in Soil Humic Substances Under Long-Term Fertilization in a Wheat-Maize System from North China

The changes in humic substances （HS） is fundamental in detecting soil carbon sequestration mechanisms in natural and cultivated environments. Based on a long-term trial, the amounts of water dissolved substances （WSS）, humic acid （HA）, fulvic acid （FA） and humin （HU） were determined to explore the impact of long-term fertilization on HS. Increases in the amounts of WSS, HA, FA and HU were significant different among the treatments with manure. A significant correlation was found between the increased soil organic carbon （SOC） and HS （R^2=0.98, P〈0.01）. The change in the E4/E6 ratio was significantly correlated with the increased SOC （R2=0.88, P〈0.01）, HA （R^2=0.91, P〈0.01）, FA （R^2=0.91, P〈0.01） and HU （R^2=0.88, P〈0.01）. The cluster was mainly divided into two parts as manure fertilization and inorganic fertilization, based on the increases in HA, FA and HU. These results suggest that long term fertilization with manure favours carbon sequestration in HS and is mainly stabilized as HU, while the HA becomes more aliphatic. We conclude that increases in SOC can be linked to changes in the molecular characteristics of HS fractions under long term fertilization.     

Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in Typical Plants and Soil Profiles in Yanqi Basin of Northwest China

Carbon and nitrogen are the most important elements in the terrestrial ecosystem. Studying carbon and nitrogen distributions in plant and soil is important for our understanding of the ecosystem dynamics and carbon cycle on arid lands. A study was conducted in a typical arid area, the Yanqi Basin, Northwest China. Carbon and nitrogen distributions in plant tissues and soil profiles were determined at 21 sites with typical native plants and crops. Our results indicated that carbon content was similar between crops and native plants, and the average carbon contents in aboveground （42.4%） and belowground （42.8%） tissues were almost the same. Average nitrogen contents in crops were nearly the same （~0.7%） in aboveground and belowground tissues whereas mean nitrogen content was approximately 100% higher in aboveground （2.2%） than in belowground （1.2%） tissues for native species. Soil organic carbon （SOC） and total nitrogen （TN） in cropland （9.4 and 0.9 g kg^-1） were significantly higher than those in native land （6.2 and 0.7 g kg^-1）. Multiple regression analyses indicated that carbon content in belowground tissue and nitrogen content in aboveground tissue were key factors connecting plant and soil in native land. However, there was no significant relationship for carbon or nitrogen between soil and crop, which might reflect human disturbance, such as plowing and applications of various organic materials.     

超声协助活性炭去除水中锑的研究

[目的]探讨在超声波作用下活性炭对锑的处理效果.[方法]利用超声波协助活性炭处理废水中的锑,研究超声温度、超声时间、吸附温度、吸附时间、pH及活性炭投加量等因素对含锑废水处理效果的影响.以火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锑含量.[结果]在超声温度为40℃,超声时间为20 min,吸附时间为60 min,pH =2,活性炭与锑的比值为1 mg Sb/g活性炭时,锑的去除率可达95.86％.[结论]超声波对活性炭处理废水中的锑离子有明显的促进作用.     

江苏省水稻生产的碳排放结构特征和影响因素研究——基于农户生产投入和规模的视角

基于对江苏省水稻生产农户的实地调研,运用投入产出法和生命周期法,对水稻生产的碳排放进行探究,并借助影响因素回归模型,探讨影响农户水稻生产碳排放的主要因素.结果表明：①江苏省农户生产1 hm2水稻的碳排放约为5 110.92 kgCe,从水稻碳排放结构特征来看,水稻生产中甲烷排放的比重较大,包括农用能源（煤炭、柴油、电力）及工业投入品（化肥、农药等）的全生命周期碳排放是水稻温室气体重要的来源;②家庭劳动力数量的增加并不会减少水稻单位产量的碳排放;③种植规模对水稻单位产量碳排放的影响显著为负,且种植规模效益地区差异明显.