Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The Andean seed crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown under drought and other adverse conditions that constrain crop production in the Andes, and it is regarded as having considerable tolerance to soil drying. The objective of this research was to study how chemical and hydraulic signalling from the root system controlled gas exchange in a drying soil in quinoa. It was observed that during soil drying, relative g_s and photosynthesis A_max (drought stressed/fully watered plants) equalled 1, until the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) decreased to 0.82 ± 0.152 and 0.33 ± 0.061, respectively, at bud formation, indicating that photosynthesis was maintained after stomata closure. The relationship between relative g_s and relative A_max at bud formation was represented by a logarithmic function (r² = 0.79), which resulted in a photosynthetic water use efficiency WUE_Amax_/gs$\text{WU}{\text{E}}_{A_{\text{max}}/g_{\text{s}}}$ of 1 when FTSW > 0.8, and increased by 50% with soil drying to FTSW 0.7–0.4. Mild soil drying slightly increased ABA in the xylem. It is concluded that during soil drying, quinoa plants have a sensitive stomatal closure, by which the plants are able to maintain leaf water potential (ψ_l) and A_max, resulting in an increase of WUE. Root originated ABA plays a role in stomata performance during soil drying. ABA regulation seems to be one of the mechanisms utilised by quinoa when facing drought inducing decrease of turgor of stomata guard cells.     

樱桃透光和郁闭树冠相对光照强度及其果实品质和产量的差异

 以13年生‘红灯’甜樱桃（Prunus avium L.）为试材,应用树冠分格方法,研究了树冠透光和郁闭两种冠型内相对光照强度及其果实品质和产量的差异,以及相对光照强度与果实产量品质的关系。结果表明,两种树冠内相对光照强度均自下而上逐渐增高,透光和郁闭树冠小于30%的相对光照区域分别占树冠总体积的25.23%和52.78%。透光树冠果实分布均匀,主要集中在树冠1.5～2.5 m的高度;而郁闭树冠果实分布差异较大,主要在树冠的外围和上部;产量分别是9.02t.hm-2和3.53t.hm-2。果实品质因素与相对光照强度的回归分析表明樱桃单果质量、果实硬度、果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、固酸比最佳的相对光照强度值分别为76.52%、46.84%、100.00%、41.63%和75.77%。     

Response of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Tempranillo’ to partial rootzone drying in the field: Water relations, growth, yield and fruit and wine quality

This paper reports the effects of irrigation amount and partial rootzone drying (PRD) on water relations, growth, yield and wine quality of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Tempranillo’ during two consecutive years in a commercial vineyard with a deep, light-clay soil located in Requena, Valencia, Spain. Partial rootzone drying applied at two amounts (100% and 50% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration), was compared to conventional drip irrigation, and also to rainfed vines. Results showed that the effects of irrigation amount on yield and wine quality were different between years. In 2003 with low yield values (around 6.3 t ha⁻¹) irrigation did neither affect grape production nor wine quality. However, in the following year, with much higher general yield (17 t ha⁻¹), the high irrigation dose increased yield by 30% compared to rainfed vines and it also increased must total soluble solids and wine alcohol content. In both seasons, PRD did not significantly affect physiological parameters, nor growth, yield or fruit and wine quality, when compared to the same amount of water applied by conventional drip irrigation. Overall these results suggest that, under our experimental conditions, it was the irrigation amount rather than the system of application what affected vine performance, indicating the difficulties of successfully employing the PRD type of irrigation with a drip system in heavy and deep soils.     

基于冠层温度的温室葡萄CWSI模型试验研究

探讨并建立了适合于镇江丘陵地区温室葡萄水分状况监测的作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI)模型.通过田间实验和观测,得到了适合温室葡萄的CWSI经验模型中的经验关系.初步的检验和分析表明,这一模型是合理的,可以用于温室内葡萄基于冠层温度信息的水分状况监测.     

基于LiDAR的亚热带次生林林窗对幼树更新影响分析

以湖南亚热带次生林为研究对象,利用多时相机载激光雷达(Light detection and ranging,Li DAR)和野外调查数据对林窗及幼树进行监测,分析比较林窗对幼树密度分布和树高生长变化的影响。结果表明,林窗大小和位置对幼树密度分布都有显著影响,喜光树种幼树主要集中在小林窗的中心区或大林窗的过渡区,在大林窗中密度最大(647株/hm2),耐荫树种幼树主要集中在林窗的边缘区,在中等林窗中密度最大(941株/hm~2)。林窗大小对幼树树高生长有显著影响,喜光树种和耐荫树种幼树分别在大林窗和中等林窗中树高生长量最大(69.3 cm/a、57.7 cm/a),喜光树种幼树在中心区的树高生长量明显大于其他位置,耐荫树种幼树的树高生长量在位置上的差异不显著。线性混合模型分析显示林窗大小是促进幼树树高生长的最主要因素,幼树树高生长变化在不同林窗中呈聚集性。从幼树密度树高生长情况来看,50~150 m~2林窗较适合促进亚热带次生林的群落演替。     

不同施肥量对北疆高产棉花冠层结构、养分吸收和产量构成的影响

为了对膜下滴灌棉花高产高效栽培的施肥措施提供理论依据,采用小区实验,研究不同氮、磷、钾施用量对棉花冠层结构、养分吸收和产量的影响。结果表明：随着施肥量的增加棉花叶面积指数在盛铃期以前显著增加,盛铃期及以后叶面积指数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,其峰值出现在盛铃期。在盛铃期植株氮、磷、钾的含量随着施肥量的增加而增加。随着施肥量的增加棉花平均叶簇倾角变大,株型变的紧凑,但施肥量过多会导致棉花群体叶面积增加过多,群体散射辐射与直射辐射透过系数小,冠层结构不良,削弱了棉花个体发育,造成单株成铃数和单铃重降低。随施肥量的增加棉花产量有显著差异,表现为先增加后减少的趋势。表明施肥过量或过低棉花均难以获得高产,对于北疆地区棉花高产栽培建议棉花滴灌施肥量为尿素639.60 kg/hm²、磷酸一铵177.67 kg/hm²、硫酸钾施148.06 kg/hm²。     

马尾松林下不同套种模式的产流产沙与养分流失

为了筛选出能有效拦蓄径流和泥沙量以及减少养分流失的马尾松林下套种模式,以马尾松林下不同套种模式为研究对象,包括马尾松对照,马尾松林下套种油茶,马尾松林下油茶+花生以及马尾松林下油茶+大豆,对其产流产沙量和养分流失进行全年的定位监测。结果表明：产流产沙量与降雨量的分布规律基本一致,主要集中在春季和夏季,雨季的径流量和产沙量分别约占全年的84.47 %和86.08%。产流产沙还受到降水多寡的影响,在旱季比雨季对产流产沙的影响更为明显。径流量和产沙量均表现为显著相关(P<0.05)。与马尾松对照相比,套种油茶后年产流产沙和养分流失量均表现为略为增加,而在油茶林下套种花生和大豆后,产流产沙和养分流失量明显减少。表明在马尾松林下仅采取套种油茶的模式,可能会促进产流产沙,增加养分的流失,而在油茶林下增加种植绿肥的模式,能有效拦蓄径流泥沙量,减少养分流失。     

干旱-复水对不同玉米品种冠层结构与水分利用效率的影响

以抗旱性不同的二个玉米品种('郑单958'和'户单四号')为材料,采用防雨池栽的方式控制土壤水分,研究扬花期干旱-复水对玉米冠层结构、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,扬花期干旱-复水后二个玉米品种的叶面积指数和株高均出现补偿效应,'郑单958'补偿效应优于'户单四号';'郑单958,的群体透光系数在干旱-复...     

温室环境因子驱动甜瓜水分传输机理分析与模拟

利用人工气候室控制空气温度、相对湿度和光合有效辐射量,根据水量平衡法控制土壤含水率,按照四因素五水平的二次回归正交旋转组合设计,对甜瓜蒸腾量进行模拟,并探讨各因子调控水分传输的机制。基于Jarvis模型建立环境因素驱动的多元非线性气孔导度模型,结合水汽扩散原理建立蒸腾量模型,模型预测精度良好。探究因素交互作用及其耦合调控效应,结果表明:除相对湿度对蒸腾表现为抑制作用,土壤含水率、空气温度和光合有效辐射均对蒸腾具有促进作用;土壤含水率与空气温度的单因素效应相似,随因素水平增加,蒸腾量线性升高;光合有效辐射量驱动蒸腾的单因素效应为开口向下的二次函数,当因素水平超过阈值后,蒸腾量逐渐下降。环境因素在驱动和调控蒸腾过程中均存在密切耦合和反馈效应,土壤含水率与温度对蒸腾调控的耦合效应趋近于平滑曲面,蒸腾量随两因素水平的升高而升高,在试验水平内两因素对蒸腾表现为协同促进效应;空气相对湿度减弱了水汽扩散驱动力,进而抑制温度和土壤含水率对蒸腾的驱动作用,且这种抑制作用随相对湿度的升高而更明显。     

基于无人机影像匹配点云的苗圃单木冠层三维分割

近年来较多的树冠提取算法以激光雷达数据为基础,然而激光点云数据量大、冗余多而且采集成本高。本文基于无人机影像匹配点云提取单木树冠轮廓,研究一种成本可控、能够补充甚至部分替代激光雷达的小范围森林制图方案。以福建省三明市某林场内苗圃地作为研究对象,在稠密的无人机影像匹配点云中截取2个25 m×25 m的样地作为测试样本。预处理后,首先构建植被冠层高度模型,以局部最大值法探测树冠位置并标记为种子点;从这些种子点形成的初始区域开始生长,迭代计算直到全部的影像匹配点云归并完毕;最后,将算法提取的树冠轮廓导入Arc GIS中获取树冠轮廓矢量边界,并与手绘参考树冠叠加,利用F测度实现精度的评定。依此方案,在2个林分范围内的树冠提取F测度均达到了89%以上,单木冠幅提取的误差在0.14 m以内。结果表明,该方案简单有效、精度可靠,适用于小范围、高精度的植被制图。