蛋鸡磷缺乏症治疗措施的研究

试验一,选择75羽1日龄健康的罗曼商品蛋鸡,随机分成2个组,第一组20羽,第二组55羽,每个组设2个重复,分别饲喂含有0.4%和0.11%有效磷的日粮.试验至30d,低磷组受试鸡胸骨弯曲发生率达52%,增重显著降低(P＜0.05),确认为雏鸡患有磷缺乏症.试验二,选48羽患磷缺乏症的商品蛋鸡,随机分成4个组,分别饲喂含0.11%有效磷、0.4%有效磷、0.4%有效磷+500IU/kg维生素D3、0.6%有效磷的日粮.试验20d,结果显示:第一组增重、耗料量显著低于第二、三、四组(P＜0.05);第一组胸骨弯曲、胸部囊肿发生率显著高于第二、三、四组(P＜0.05);第一组血浆、全血、胫骨钙、磷显著低于第二、三、四组(P＜0.05).3个治疗组之间没有明显的差别,表明当雏鸡患有磷缺乏症时,日粮中添加有效磷至0.4%,即可获得良好的疗效.     

高效液相色谱法测定卡巴匹林钙产品与反应液中尿素的含量

建立了一种用于测定卡巴匹林钙产品及反应液中尿素含量的高效液相色谱法。确立了最佳色谱条件,色谱柱为Waters Xselect HSS T3 C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(5∶95,V/V),检测波长为195 nm,流速为0.5 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL。结果显示,尿素浓度在0.12～120μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系(r>0.999);尿素的检出限为0.05μg/mL,定量限为0.1μg/mL;分离度R>1.5,重复性的相对标准偏差<1.0%(n=6);卡巴匹林钙产品中尿素的回收率范围为98.10%～100.46%,反应液中尿素的回收率范围为95.32%～101.20%。本方法操作简便、准确度高、重复性好、检测速度快,在合成工艺中对卡巴匹林钙产品及反应液中尿素的质量控制具有重要意义。     

临武鸭产蛋初期钙需要量的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮钙水平对22~28周龄临武鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、胫骨指标和血清生化指标的影响,以确定临武鸭产蛋初期的钙需要量。试验选取体重相近、健康状况良好的临武鸭200羽,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复8只鸭。饲粮钙水平分别为1.50%、2.00%、2.50%、3.00%、3.50%。预试期7 d,正试期49 d。结果显示:1)饲粮钙水平对平均日采食量和产蛋率均无显著影响(P0.05)。1.50%钙水平组平均蛋重显著低于其他4组(P0.05)。3.00%钙水平组日产蛋重显著高于1.50%钙水平组(P0.05),而与其他各组差异不显著(P0.05)。2.50%和3.00%钙水平组的合格蛋率显著高于1.50%和2.00%钙水平组(P0.05)。3.00%钙水平组料蛋比最低且显著低于1.50%钙水平组(P0.05)。2)饲粮钙水平对蛋品质各指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)饲粮钙水平对胫骨折断力、脱脂胫骨钙含量和灰分钙含量有显著影响(P0.05),且上述3项胫骨指标2.50%、3.00%和3.50%钙水平组显著优于1.50%钙水平组(P0.05)。4)1.50%钙水平组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他4组(P0.05)。5)二次曲线分析表明,以平均蛋重、灰分钙含量和脱脂胫骨钙含量为评价指标,产蛋初期临武鸭钙需要量分别为2.79%,2.98%和2.98%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,为获得最佳产蛋性能、血清生化指标和胫骨指标,22~28周龄临武鸭饲粮中钙推荐量为2.79%~2.98%。     

Influence of diet on calcium metabolism, tissue calcification and urinary sludge in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Rabbits absorb more calcium (Ca) from their diet than they require, and excrete surplus via urine, which therefore contains a typical 'sludge'. This makes rabbits susceptible to Ca-containing uroliths. But given the Ca content of diets of free-ranging specimens, and the limited reports of urinary sludge and Ca contents in free-ranging lagomorphs, we can suspect that rabbits are naturally adapted to high urinary Ca loads. We fed four groups of New Zealand hybrid rabbits [n = 28, age at start 5-6 weeks) pelleted diets consisting of lucerne hay only (L, Ca 2.32% dry matter (DM)], lucerne:oats 1:1 (LG, Ca 1.36%), grass hay only (G, Ca 1.04%), or grass:oats 1:1 (GG, 0.83%) for 25 weeks, with water available ad libitum. Diets were not supplemented with Ca, phosphorus, or vitamin D. Rabbits on diets LG and GG had lower food and water intakes, lower faeces and urine output, grew faster and had higher body mass at slaughter (mainly attributable to adipose tissue). Apparent Ca digestibility decreased in the order L-LG-G/GG. Rabbits on L had larger and heavier kidneys, more urinary sediment at sonography, and a higher urinary Ca content than the other groups. No animal showed signs of urolithiasis/calcinosis at X-ray, sonography, or gross pathology. Kidney/aorta histology only sporadically indicated Ca deposits, with no systematic difference between groups. Under the conditions of the experiment, dietary Ca loads in legume hay do not appear problematic for rabbits, and other factors, such as water supply and level of activity may be important contributors to urolithiasis development in veterinary patients. However, due to the lower Ca content of grass hay, the significantly lower degree of urinary sludge formation, and the significantly higher water intake related with grass hay feeding, grass hay-dominated diets are to be recommended for rabbits in which urolithiasis prevention is an issue.     

Salinity an Environmental “Filter” Selecting for Plant Invasiveness? Evidence from Indigenous Lepidium alyssoides on Chihuahuan Desert Shrublands

A better understanding of site-specific factors such as soil salinity that regulate plant invasions is needed. We conducted a 3-mo greenhouse study to evaluate the salinity responses of three local maternal sources of Lepidium alyssoides, which is an indigenous species shown to aggressively colonize disturbed shrubland sites in the southwestern United States, including those affected by high salinity and sodicity. Results indicated that there were little or no population effects on plant evapotranspiration (ET), growth, and tissue Na and Cl concentrations. Significant reductions in seedling growth and ET were largely independent of various isosmotic saline irrigation solutions that included NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and CaCl₂, each at ? 0.1 MPa and ? 0.2 MPa, suggesting that ET and growth were controlled by solution osmotic potential. The combined Na and Cl concentrations in leaves were 9–10% of dry weight with no visible sign of injury. However, increasing leaf mortality and abscission as a proportion of total leaf production was observed in the high-salt treatments (? 0.2 MPa), with a combined Na and Cl concentration reaching 16% with high NaCl. Under saline conditions, considerable foliage salt loads of this species could deposit high-salt litter to potentially alter a landscape to its own favor and to the detriment of other salt-sensitive species. Results of this study add to a limited quantitative database on site-specific salinity factors governing plant invasions by showing the potential for these populations to behave invasively under saline conditions and, thus, potential for soil salinity assessment to predict incipient populations. However, due to its halophytic traits and indigenous status, L. alyssoides may alternatively provide ecosystem services to salinized shrublands of the arid and semiarid southwestern United States.     

The concentration of ionized magnesium in serum during the periparturient period of non-paretic dairy cows

Ion-selective electrodes have recently been designed for determining the ionized concentration of magnesium (Mg²⁺) in serum. This development may allow new insights into some metabolic diseases of cattle. For this report, the concentrations of Mg²⁺, total magnesium (Mg_tot), ionized calcium (Ca²⁺), total calcium (Ca_tot), and inorganic phosphate (P_i) were determined in sera from seventeen 3-to 16-year-old Brown Swiss and crossed Simmental/Red Holstein cows during the periparturient period. In each animal, a transient increase of Mg²⁺ and Mg_tot serum concentrations was observed in association with the transient decrease in serum concentrations of Ca²⁺, Ca_tot and P_i after parturition. On average, throughout the study, the serum Mg²⁺ concentrations were 68.5% of those of Mg_tot, whereas the serum Ca²⁺ concentrations were 52% of those of Ca_tot. The possible mechanisms involved in the transient increase of Mg²⁺ and Mg_tot serum concentrations are discussed.Abbreviations Ca²⁺ ionized calcium - Ca_tot total calcium - Mg²⁺ ionized magnesium - Mg_tot total magnesium - P_i inorganic phosphate - PTH parathyroid hormone - PTHrP parathyroid homrone related protein     

硝酸浓度对火焰-原子吸收光谱法测定牛奶中钙含量的影响

火焰-原子吸收光谱法是《GB 5009.92—2016食品安全国家标准 食品中钙的测定》的第一法,本文通过试验确定硝酸浓度对火焰-原子吸收光谱法测定钙离子具有负干扰的作用。当硝酸浓度<2%时,该作用随着硝酸浓度增大而增大,当硝酸浓度≥2%时,相同钙离子浓度的空白校正信号强度基本不变,因此牛奶样品经过微波消解的前处理,通过调整待测样品的硝酸浓度≥2%,可以有效地消除硝酸浓度对钙离子测定的影响,提高检测结果的准确性,更科学地评价牛奶中钙的含量。     

Impact of two types of complete pelleted,wild ungulate feeds and two pelleted feed to hay ratios on the development of urolithogenic compounds in meat goats as a model for giraffes

Urolith formation has been documented in giraffes and goats. As research in giraffes poses logistical challenges, 16 buck goats were used as a model. The impact of two commercially available, pelleted feeds used for giraffes, ADF‐16 and Wild Herbivore (WH), as well as the impact of alfalfa hay and pellet proportions (20% hay:80% pellets, 80P or 80% hay:20% pellet, 20P) on the formation of urolithogenic precursors in goat urine was accomplished in a 2 × 2 factorial balance study. Complete diets contained 0.60, 0.32, 0.35 and 0.26% phosphorus (P) with calcium:P ratios of 1.60, 4.16, 3.06 and 5.23, for 80P‐ADF‐16, 20P‐ADF‐16, 80P‐WH and 20P‐WH respectively. Total faeces and urine were collected over two 5‐day periods to assess N and mineral balance. Fresh urine samples were collected and evaluated microscopically for urolithic crystal content. Urinary nitrogen (N) was lower and N retention was higher in goats fed 80P diets (p < 0.05). Intake of P was greatest for goats fed 80P‐ADF‐16; however, urinary P excretion and P retention were not affected by treatment. Crystal scores were higher in animals receiving 80P diets (p = 0.08), with crystals being composed predominantly of calcium phosphate. Urine pH was alkaline (>8) for all treatments. Urinary P concentration, a risk factor for urolithiasis, was highest (p ≤ 0.06) in the 80P‐ADF‐16 treatment (0.38 vs. 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 mg/dl for 20P‐ADF‐16, 80P‐WH and 20P‐WH respectively), reflecting its highest dietary P level. Further investigation is recommended to determine the long‐term effects of these diets on urolithogenic compound formation.     

Retrospective Study: Incidence of ionized hypocalcemia in septic dogs and its association with morbidity and mortality: 58 cases (2006–2007)

Objective – To determine the incidence rate and prognostic significance of ionized hypocalcemia (iHCa) among septic dogs. Design – Retrospective study Setting – Veterinary teaching hospital Animals – Fifty‐eight septic dogs that were presented to Cornell University Hospital for Animals between January 2006 and December 2007. Procedure – Cases were diagnosed with sepsis if they exhibited 2 or more criteria of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a concurrent documented infectious focus. Cases were excluded if diagnosed with a concurrent illness reportedly associated with calcium derangements. Lowest, mean, and highest blood ionized calcium concentrations were recorded and statistically analyzed for an association with morbidity, as measured by duration of hospitalization and number of blood product transfusions, and outcome. In addition, the incidence rate of iHCa was recorded. Results – Of the 58 cases included in this study, iHCa was documented in 4 of 6 (67%) patients that died, 5 of 19 (26%) euthanized patients and 5 of 33 (15%) patients that survived to discharge, with an overall incidence of 24%. Dogs that died during hospitalization had more severe iHCa than patients that were discharged or euthanized as well as significantly lower mean ionized calcium concentrations than patients who were discharged. Severity of iHCa was also associated with a longer duration of hospitalization. The highest ionized calcium concentration was not associated with outcome. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance – This study is the first to document the incidence of iHCa among septic dogs. Because both low mean ionized calcium and the lowest documented ionized calcium concentration are associated with poor outcome, it is likely that both the severity and duration of hypocalcemia are important in these patients. Further prospective studies investigating the prognostic significance, etiology and treatment of iHCa among septic veterinary patients are needed to better understand its role in sepsis.