Inclusion of barley fibre and barley protein in a total mixed ration for growing dairy bulls

Abstract

A 2×2 factorial design with 32 dairy bulls was used to study the effects of partial replacement of a starchy concentrate with a fibrous concentrate and replacement of rapeseed meal with barley protein as protein supplement on performance of bulls with ad libitum access to a total mixed ration feeding. The two energy supplements were flattened barley (B) and a mixture (1:1 on dry matter (DM) basis) of flattened barley and barley fibre (BF). These were fed with either rapeseed meal or barley protein so that the crude protein content of rations was 162 g kg^?1 DM. Replacing half of the barley grain with barley fibre increased (P<0.01) the average DM intake (9.3 kg d^?1 versus 9.9 kg d^?1), but had no effect on the average live weight gain (1.27 kg d^?1). There seemed to be only a minor difference between rapeseed meal and barley protein as protein supplements on animal performance.     

茶叶副产品的综合开发与利用

种茶主要以采收鲜嫩芽叶为主,而忽略了茶花、茶籽、茶梗、茶灰、废茶渣等副产品的利用,对茶树资源是一大浪费。本文综述了茶叶副产品的综合开发利用,以期为茶叶生产拓宽出路,并提高茶产业附加值。     

茶叶副产品的综合开发与利用

种茶主要以采收鲜嫩芽叶为主,而忽略了茶花、茶籽、茶梗、茶灰、废茶渣等副产品的利用,对茶树资源是一大浪费。本文综述了茶叶副产品的综合开发利用,以期为茶叶生产拓宽出路,并提高茶产业附加值。     

Evaluation of Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Sausages Made with Washed and Unwashed Mince from Nile Tilapia By-products

This study evaluates the effects of inclusion level (60 to 100%) and washing cycles (0 to 2) of minced fish from Nile tilapia fillet by-products on proximate composition, mineral contents, color, hardness, and sensory acceptance of sausages. A complete 2² factorial experimental design was used. Regression models for protein, fat, moisture, minerals, color, and hardness were developed. The optimum combinations for the independent variables are sausages made with 100% non-washed minced fish, which represents a better use of by-products without generating washing residues, leading to less expensive sausage with higher nutritional value.     

Recovery of Proteins from Squid By-Products with Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Increasing the Hydrolysate’s Bioactivity by Maillard Reaction

ABSTRACT

The Maillard reaction is an effective method for enhancing the activity of bioactive peptides. In this study, squid by-product hydrolytic peptides (SPHPs) were obtained. The effects of the Maillard reaction on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the SPHPs were explored. The results showed most of the peptides in the < 500 Da fraction of SPHPs reacted with D-arabinose to form the 500–1000 Da fraction (89.60%). The Maillard reaction products (MRPs) possessed more potent antioxidant activities, including free radical scavenging activity, ferrous chelating capacity, and reducing power, than the SPHPs. Although both the SPHPs and MRPs had broad-spectrum antibiotic activities and could inhibit the growth of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, the antibacterial activities of the MRPs were higher than those of the SPHPs. Furthermore, the efficacy of the MRPs lasted significantly longer than that of ampicillin and could last for more than 30 days. In addition, both the SPHPs and MRPs had good functional properties and many potential applications. The results suggested that the Maillard reaction has potential to be used to improve the activities and physicochemical properties of bioactive peptides.     

Basic properties of grain by-products and their viability in polypropylene composites

The objective was to study the potential of grain by-products (husk) of grains such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L; German name is Weizen) and rice (Oryza sativa) as reinforcements for thermoplastics as an alternative to or in combination with wood fibres. Prior to composites preparation, the chemical components of fibres such as cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, starch, protein and fat were measured and the surface chemistry and functionality of grain by-products were studied using EDX and FT-IR. Structural constituents (cellulose, starch) were found in wheat husk (W) equal 42%, in rice husk 50% and in soft wood 42%, respectively. Thermal degradation characteristics, the bulk density, water absorption and the solubility index were also investigated. Wheat husk (W) and rice husk were found thermally stable at temperatures as low as 178 °C and 208 °C, respectively. The particle morphology and particle size were investigated using microscopy. Water absorption properties of the fibres were studied to evaluate the viability of these fibres as reinforcements. Polypropylene composites were fabricated using a high speed mixer and an ensuing injection moulding process with 40 wt% fibre. The tensile and Charpy impact strength of the resulting composites were investigated. The tensile elongation at break was found to 75% for wheat husk (W) composites and 23% for rice husk composites better than soft wood composites. Rice husk composites showed 13% better Charpy impact strength than soft wood composites. Due to coupling agent, tensile strength of composites found to improve 25% for soft wood, 35% for wheat husk (W) and 45% for rice husk.     

西部地区农副食品加工业对应法分析

通过对西部农副食品加工业财务数据的收集整理,研究西部地区数据的共性和特殊规律。研究主要从3方面展开：西部农副食品加工业特征;西藏和青海的特殊性;西部剩余地区加工业的共同特征。运用对应分析法对数据进行分析,结合图形,发现西藏和青海农副食品加工业有其特殊性,其余地区有共性规律。     

苎麻副产物栽培真姬菇技术研究

研究了苎麻副产物含量、p H、含水量和添加剂等栽培基质对真姬菇栽培的影响,结果表明,培养基中苎麻副产物含量50%、水分含量65.0%、p H 6.0、并添加1%的碳酸钙和1%的白糖时,栽培真姬菇的效果较好,生物学效率达158%以上。与对照棉子壳栽培效果差异不显著,表明苎麻副产物可以代替50%的棉子壳用来栽培真姬菇。     

Historical and Scientific Perspectives of Same Species Feeding of Animal By-Products

A review of the scientific literature and the historical publications regarding the use of animal by-products as an animal feed ingredient was conducted. Recent reports of animal cases and human cases associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents have resulted in safety questions regarding the use of animal by-products as animal feed ingredients. A review of published literature indicates that the risk associated with the utilization of these products is very minimal risk to the human population. In addition, the environmental and economic consequences of not utilizing these products in proven and safe systems will have greater adverse consequences for the general population.     

金银花及其副产物在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

金银花具有解热、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、免疫调节和抗氧化等生理功能,其副产物叶和藤也具有类似的生理功能,作为饲料添加剂具有广阔的开发前景。本文综述了金银花及其副产物的化学成分、生理功能以及在畜禽养殖中的应用研究进展,以期为金银花及其副产物在畜禽生产中的进一步研究和开发提供理论参考。