发掘光能资源潜力的一条重要途径：—刍议“农业副产品生物量金字塔”模型

本文提出“农业副产品生物量金字塔”的新概念，并主张用此新概念指导农业生产过程，以进一步发掘光能资源潜力，为人类提供更多的食物来源。     

Use of Industrial By-products to Sorb and Retain Phosphorus

The potential of six industrial by-products for use as phosphorus-sorbing materials (PSMs) in solutions was evaluated. These included two different acid mine drainage treatment residuals (AMDR1 and AMDR2), water treatment residual (WTR), fly ash, bauxite mining residual, and flue gas desulfurization product (FGD). Characterization of the by-products and their mechanisms for sorption and retention of inorganic phosphorus (P) from solution identified those PSMs that sorbed primarily by an iron and aluminum (Fe/Al) mechanism, those that sorbed primarily by a calcium and magnesium (Ca/Mg) mechanism, and those that sorbed by both mechanisms. Degree of P sorption and associated mechanisms were strongly influenced by the pH, buffer capacity, ionic strength, and common ion effects.     

酶解日本对虾副产物主要成分及其可溶性肽组成分析

为确定酶解日本对虾(Penaeus japonicus)加工副产物的主要成分及其可溶性肽相对分子质量组成,采用多酶分步水解技术制备日本对虾加工副产物的酶解产物(EHP)。用高效液相色谱法、紫外可见分光光度法、索氏法、化学分析法等方法,分析EHP主要营养组成及其肽的相对分子质量。结果表明,EHP含蛋白质67%、粗脂肪1.0%、类胡萝卜素0.12%、钙6.7%、磷0.4%。EHP中的最长肽链相对分子质量为13 800,仅占0.32%;相对分子质量在5 400~1 550的肽占35.72%、相对分子质量小于1 000的小肽占52%。每100 g EHP干基中的总氨基酸含量50.185 g、人体必需氨基酸17 g,鱼虾10种必需氨基酸22 g,鲜味氨基酸24.7 g。     

Nutrient digestibility profile of premium (category III grade) animal protein by-products for temperate marine fish species (European sea bass, gilthead sea bream and turbot)

Three trials, with classical experimental designs for in vivo digestibility studies, were conducted to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein (ADCp), lipid (ADCl), energy (ADCe) and amino acids (AA) in selected animal by-products fed to European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Trial 1), gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (Trial 2), and turbot, Psetta maxima (Trial 3). In each trial, five experimental diets [including a reference diet (RD)] where fish meal (FM) was used as the sole protein source were fed ad libitum to the fish for a period of 4 weeks. Test diets were based on the FM RD and obtained by replacing 30% of the RD with a category III designated European animal by-products (fit for human consumption), namely: steam hydrolysed feather meal (HFM), enzyme-treated feather meal (EFM), poultry meat meal (PMM) and spray-dried haemoglobin meal (SDHM). Faecal material was collected using the 'Guelph system', and nutrient and energy digestibility coefficients were related to the measurement of chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) incorporated into the diet at a rate of 0.5%. Without any exception, FM diets yielded the best digestibility values for all macro-nutrients and by all fish. Among the test ingredients, ADCp was consistently higher for PMM and SDHM in the three species (85.5%, 91.1% in sea bass; 79.2%, 82.8% in sea bream; and 78.4%, 74.8% in turbot). Conversely, ADCp of HFM and EFM were less efficiently digested (67.2%, 68.2% in sea bass; 21.5%, 21.7% in sea bream; and 46.6%, 36.0% in turbot). However, the novel processing method applied to feather meal did not considerably influence the digestibility of most of the nutrients in this feedstuff. The current investigation yielded valuable numerical ADC for EAA considered to be of prime importance in generating balanced diet formulations.     

Apparent digestibility of common feed ingredients by juvenile haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.

The digestible energy (DE) content and the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients in common feed ingredients available in Atlantic Canada for haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, feed formulations were determined. Juvenile haddock (mean weight, 93.9±2.1 g) were held in tanks equipped with fecal collection columns and fed practical fish meal‐based diets for 5 weeks. The experimental diets consisted of a reference diet and six test diets, each containing 30% test ingredient, with all diets being supplemented with chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃, 5 g kg^?1) as the inert digestion indicator. Three marine fish by‐products, herring meal (HM), shrimp meal (SM) and crab meal (CRM) and three plant protein supplements, dehulled soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CAM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) were the test ingredients. The DE content of HM, SBM, CGM, CRM, CAM and SM were 18.3, 18.0, 17.8, 12.4, 10.9 and 8.8 MJ kg^?1 respectively. Protein ADCs were 95.9%, 92.2%, 92.3%, 82.0%, 83.0% and 73.5% respectively. Organic matter ADCs were 95.9%, 89.0%, 72.6%, 68.9%, 58.9% and 54.9% respectively. Lipid ADCs were 97.9%, 83.0%, 57.4%, 62.0%, 87.2% and 55.8% respectively. Based upon its high crude protein content and nutrient ADC and DE content, properly processed dehulled SBM was found to be a good plant protein supplement to partially replace HM in haddock feeds.     

鱼类加工副产物中胶原提取技术与性质分析

鱼类加工产业发展的同时,不可避免地产生大量鱼皮、鱼鳞、鱼骨、鱼鳍、鱼鳔等不同鱼类加工副产物,如何对这些副产物进行高值加工利用引起广泛关注。目前,鱼类加工副产物的利用途径主要包括制作休闲食品、饲料鱼粉、胶原等。其中,因胶原产品的附加值空间大,以鱼类加工副产物为原料提取胶原成为当前研究的热点之一。在介绍不同鱼类加工副产物组成特点的基础上,阐述了近年来国内外以不同鱼类加工副产物为原料提取胶原的研究现状,总结分析了从不同鱼类加工副产物中提取胶原的提取率、产物纯度及性质,展望了以鱼类加工副产物为原料提取胶原的发展前景和方向,分析认为酸-酶结合法更适用于鱼胶原的提取,并具有广阔前景。     

Study on the Technologic Optimization for Hydrolysis of Silver carp By-products

The hydrolysis process for Silver carp by-products was studied. Protein hydrolysate was prepared with proteolytic enzyme, Alcalase. Hydrolysis conditions were optimized by the regression model of three factors five levels quadratic rotation perpendicular regressive design. The optimum hydrolysis conditions of hydrolyzing the protein of Silver carp by-products were determined to be concentration of enzyme (E/S) 3.33%, pH 8.54, hydrolyzing temperature 58℃, reaction time 90 min, concentration of substrate 8%. Nitrogen recovery was more than 75%.     

Essential Oils and Antioxidants Derived From Citrus By-Products in Food Protection and Medicine: An Introduction and Review of Recent Literature

After a brief overview of the general production, market value, and uses of citrus by-products, this literature review will focus on the most highly refined “pharmaceutical grade” citrus oils and antioxidants that have been derived from peels or other fruit parts. Citrus oils have been used as a part of the perfume industry and in the practice of alternative medicine for a long time, but now there is a great deal of mainstream food processing and drug industry interest in them owing to the rediscovery or confirmation of some of their beneficial properties, as well their development for entirely new applications. Their roles as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cancer chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents appear promising.     

Effects of Amino Acid By-products on Fermentation Quality and Digestibility of Silage

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of amino acid by-products(ABP) on fermentation quality and digestibility of red sorghum and sweet corn,and explore the mechanism of action by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).There was a control group without additives,an experimental group Ⅰ with 2.0% ABP,and an experimental group Ⅱ with 2.0% ABP mixed with forage fungus for red sorghum and sweet corn,respectively.The results showed that:①2.0% ABP reduced the pH of red sorghum and sweet corn silage to 3.90 and 3.28 respectively,and they were belonged to the high-quality silage range by sensory evaluations.②For the red sorghum silage,compared with the control group,the dry matter (DM) contents of the experimental groups were slightly increased,but the difference were not significant (P>0.05),while the crude protein (CP) contents were significantly increased (P<0.05).The fiber content of the experimental group Ⅱ was slightly lower than the control group,but the difference was not significant (P>0.05).The lactic acid and acetic acid contents of experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control groups (P<0.05).The content of butyric acid in experimental group Ⅱ was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P<0.05).The dry matter and neutral washing fiber (NDF) digestibilities of the experimental groups were higher than the control group,but the difference were not significantly (P>0.05),and acidic washing fiber(ADF) digestibility was significantly higher than control group (P<0.05).③ For sweet corn silage,the dry matter and fiber contents of experimental groups were lower than those in the control group,but the differences were not significant (P>0.05),the crude protein content was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05).The lactic acid content of the experimental group Ⅰ was significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05),the acetic acid content of experimental group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.05),and the butyric acid content of each experimental group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05).The digestibilities of the experimental groups were lower than the control group but higher than the raw materials,and the differences of dry matter and acid washing fiber digestibilities were significant (P<0.05).④SEM results showed that ABP promoted the adhesion of forage bacteria by destroying the waxy layer on the surface of red sorghum silage,and degraded the cell wall fiber components to improve the quality of the silage fermentation and improve the digestibility during the silage process.But the destructive effect of ABP on sweet corn silage was not obvious.In conclusion,the addition of ABP could improve the fermentation quality and digestibility of red sorghum,but the effect on sweet corn silage was not obvious.     

蚕沙β-胡萝卜素的提取

β-胡萝卜素是存在蚕沙中的天然黄色素,具有维生素A的生理活性。蚕沙中类胡萝卜素用石油醚-乙醇混合溶剂提取,经活性氧化铝柱层析,首次获得六边形的β-胡萝卜素结晶,用分光光度计测定β-胡萝卜素的吸光值。A_1:340nm;A_2:362nm;A_3:434nm;A_4:455nm(吸光极大);A_5:483nm。它们的吸光比为:A_2/A_1=1.08;A_4/A_1=1.62;A_4/A_3=1.38;A_4/A_5=1.15。β-胡萝卜素的纯度达99.80％。