钾肥用量对棉花蕾铃脱落及产量品质的影响

[目的]研究不同钾肥用量对棉花生育期蕾铃发生与脱落的动态变化、产量构成因素和品质指标的影响.[方法]通过田间小区试验,在氮肥、磷肥和微肥用量相同情况下,设4个钾肥用量处理,即0、30、60、90kg/hm2 K2O.[结果]施钾可提高棉花上部(9～12)果枝上的现蕾数或降低下部(1～4)果枝和上部(9～12)果枝的蕾铃脱落率;同时,施钾可增加棉花各个果节的现蕾数和有效铃数,降低棉花1、2果节棉花蕾铃脱落率.蕾铃总脱落率在7月2～15日出现第1次高峰,8月2～16日出现第2次高峰.施钾显著增加棉花单株铃数和皮棉产量,由棉花钾肥的效应方程,推荐K2O量为48.6 kg/hm2.施钾在一定范围内可增加棉花的长度、比强、伸长率以及可纺系数,随着钾肥施用量的增加棉花整齐度、马克隆值也增加.[结论]施钾显著增加了棉花现蕾数和有效结铃数,降低棉花蕾铃脱落率.现蕾数、有效铃数与施钾量呈显著的正相关,而蕾铃脱落率与施钾量达到了显著的负相关.施钾可显著提高棉花皮棉产量,改善棉纤维品质.     

甜叶菊组培快繁技术研究

[目的]研究甜叶菊的组培快繁技术。[方法]以甜叶菊茎段为外植体,筛选其最佳外植体消毒条件、最佳不定芽增殖及壮苗生根培养基。[结果]甜叶菊外植体材料的灭菌最佳条件为75%酒精20 s,0.1%升汞5～8 min;最佳不定芽增殖培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA,此时不定芽增殖率达80%;最佳壮苗生根培养基为1/2MS+0.1 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.2 mg/L IBA。[结论]该研究为甜叶菊的工厂化规模生产提供了科学依据。     

蕾期低温胁迫对棉花叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】分析棉花蕾期不同低温胁迫对不同棉花品种的叶绿素荧光特性的影响,研究棉花蕾期的抗冷响应规律,筛选棉花蕾期耐冷性相关的指标,为耐冷资源鉴定、耐冷棉花品种选育提供依据。【方法】于棉花蕾期设置3个低温梯度：T₁(20℃/15℃,昼/夜)、T₂(15℃/10℃)、T₃(10℃/5℃)和对CK(28℃/20℃)处理。【结果】蕾期棉花在低温胁迫条件叶绿素荧光参数Fv、Fm、Fv/Fo、qP、SPAD下降,NPQ、Fo上升。而Fv/Fm在20℃/15℃以上低温和15℃/10℃低温初期升高;10℃/5℃以下低温和15℃/10℃低温后期下降。【结论】可根据蕾期棉花的Fm、Fo等荧光参数来判断其受到的低温胁迫程度。     

五味子实生苗地下横走茎形态发生研究

对五味子实生苗地下横走茎的形态发生、发育过程进行了研究。结果表明:1 a生五味子子叶腋芽可发育为地下横走茎,但其发育较缓慢,在8月下旬至9月初才发育成地下横走茎,第1片真叶腋芽和第2片真叶腋芽当年均可以发育成地下横走茎;2 a生和多年生五味子植株基部的越冬芽都会发育成地下横走茎;无论是子叶腋芽还是越冬芽在转变初期与一般芽形态相似,但经过伸长生长后,其茎尖开始弯曲以适应地下生长。地下横走茎的发生部位较集中,常呈轮生状。较高节位芽的超显微结构与子叶叶芽存在较大差异,说明五味子的芽能否形成地下横走茎在其形成的早期可能就已经决定。     

棉花蕾期的栽培管理技术

棉株现蕾后即从营养生长进入生殖生长,但仍是营养生长占优势,以增大营养体为主。这一阶段的田间管理重点是在壮苗早发的基础上,采取合理的促控措施,调节棉株地上部和地下部、营养生长和生殖生长的关系,实现发棵稳长。发棵是高产的基础,稳长是高产的保证。     

白牛槭休眠芽苞的离体培养

以白牛槭休眠芽为外植体,采用不同培养基和不同接种方法进行组织培养研究。结果表明:拨去白牛槭休眠芽鳞片,露出叶原基2~4 mm,进行接种的萌芽率最高;且在培养基MS+BA 0.5 mg/L+KT 0.01 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂7.5 g/L,pH 5.6~5.8中培养效果最好。     

Purple nutsedge tuber sprouting

Purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus L.) tubers remain viable for several years and serve as its principal means of survival. The maintenance of high moisture content is essential to tuber survival. Apical dominance influences bud dormancy within a tuber and in a chain of tubers, and dormancy increases with tuber age. Several growth inhibitors were identified in tubers, but their role in tuber dormancy has not been established. Moisture levels in soil must increase to a critical level before sprouting occurs, but excess soil moisture deters sprouting. Oxygen may be a limiting factor for tuber sprouting in waterlogged soils. Although light is not a requirement for sprouting, it has promoted sprouting. Temperature regulates sprouting; no sprouting occured below 10°C and above 45°C. Optimum sprouting occurred between 25 and 35°C when provided with constant temperatures. However, daily alternating temperatures greatly stimulated sprouting. A daily short duration (0.5 h) of high temperature increased sprouting to nearly 100%, whereas less than 50% sprouting occurred without the daily high temperature pulse. Bud break occurred readily for most tubers at 20°C and in nearly 100% of the tubers with a single 0.5 h exposure to a high temperature (35°C) pulse. However, most buds did not elongate if the tuber remained at 20°C. Bud elongation occurred at higher temperatures, and daily alternating temperatures stimulated shoot elongation up to eightfold greater than at the respective mean constant temperatures. Daily soil temperature fluctuation may be a major signal for purple nutsedge emergence, such as when the plant canopy is removed, or when soils are solarized. Future research is needed to determine tuber sprouting for different ecotypes, and on the role of the rhizome chain. Systems to manipulate sprouting may provide new strategies for purple nutsedge management.     

日本矮紫薇花芽形态分化的研究

日本矮紫薇花芽由中上部侧枝和主枝顶芽发育而成,花芽分化从4月末开始至5月末结束,历时30d,包括花序分化和小花分化两个过程,分为形态分化前、开始分化期、花序原基分化期、花蕾分化期、小花花萼分化期、花瓣分化期、雄蕊分化期、雌蕊分化期8个时期,花序和小花分化的顺序分别是离心和向心的.花芽分化与春梢生长有一定的相关性.     

多年生黑麦草高频再生体系的建立及优化

从外植体预处理方式、基本培养基、激素浓度等方面着手,对多年生黑麦草愈伤组织诱导、继代、不定芽分化及再生过程中的影响因素进行了研究,提高了再生频率。结果如下：切取胚端半粒种子,经75%乙醇处理1min,0.1%HgCl处理15min,在经无菌水清洗4～6次后接种方式较好;愈伤组织诱导培养基以MS＋2,4—D 8.0 mg/L（或另添加甘露醇25 g/L）为佳;愈伤组织接种于MS＋2,4—D 8.0mg/L＋甘露醇25 g/L上进行1～2次继代后于NB＋6—BA2.0 mg/L上进行分化;不定芽转接至MS＋6—BA2.0 mg/L上进行扩繁或于1/2MS＋NAA0.5mg/L＋IAA0.5mg/L上进行生根。