三种中药渣的热解气化特性

该文采用热解气化方法,对含水率为25%左右的3种药渣（杞菊地黄丸、六味地黄丸、香砂养胃丸药渣）进行了气化试验,并与玉米秸秆做比较。结果表明,当过量空气系数为1.1时,三种药渣均具有良好的气化特性,燃气热值均达到5 300 kJ/m3以上,其中香砂养胃丸药渣的燃气热值达到5 460 kJ/m3。相较于玉米秸秆,药渣热解气化产生较多的焦油,过量空气系数为1.1时,3种药渣气化的焦油体积质量约为1 000 mg/m3,并随过量空气系数增加处于不断下降的趋势,证实了3种药渣具有良好的热解气化特性,为中药渣的资源化处理提供了一条新思路。     

玉米免耕破茬室内试验装置的研究设计

通过对国内外玉米免耕播种机破茬防堵部件的对比研究,确定采用滚动式破茬犁刀研制出本试验装置,并进行了室内土槽中的实验。该装置测量准确、方便,为研制出适合我国北方垄作玉米免耕破茬防堵部件提供了技术数据。     

农林废弃物超低酸水解装置及试验研究

自行设计了木质纤维素类生物质超低酸水解装置,该装置可以间歇进料方式实现生物质的超低酸水解。在该装置上分别以木聚糖和定量滤纸为模化物得到了半纤维素和纤维素水解的最佳工况,进而对白松、速生杨和玉米秸秆这三种在我国分布较为广泛的原料进行了超低酸两步水解研究,分别得到了51.24%、78.27%和84.10%的可水解原料转化率和48.19%、57.96%和37.48%总还原糖得率,并以GCMS定性还原糖外的其他产物,最后对水解残渣做了分析研究。     

自走式肉羊饲喂机的设计与试验

介绍了自走式肉羊饲喂机的主要结构组成及工作原理。为研究其工作性能,选取多浪羊为试验对象,采用饲喂机加工后的全混合日粮进行饲喂,以肉羊增重和饲料残留量为试验指标开展试验。试验结果表明:自走式肉羊饲喂机加工的全混合日粮变异系数为8.9%,混合均匀度为91.1%,饲料搅拌混合均匀,满足肉羊饲料食用要求;对于肉羊养殖,采用全混合日粮自由采食饲养方式较人工分饲方式增重效果极显著(P0.01);饲料残留量减少极显著(P0.01)。本自走式肉羊饲喂机的研制满足了肉羊饲喂的要求,可以提高经济效益。     

Stability analysis on shallow tunnel with floor lift under inclined ground by upper bound method

采用极限分析上限法,基于内外能耗守恒原理,通过构建考虑隧底隆起的斜坡地段浅埋隧道破坏模式,推导出围岩压力的计算式,并通过典型算例重点分析了典型因素对隧道围岩稳定性的影响。研究结果表明：基于泰沙基极限平衡法进行隧道围岩支护设计较为保守,不考虑隧底隆起的极限分析方法次之考虑隧底隆起极限分析方法的风险最大;斜坡地表倾角增大对浅埋隧道稳定性有着不可忽视的不利影响;围岩压力随岩土侧压力系数减小、埋深增大、断面尺寸加大而增大;岩土黏聚力增大、内摩擦角增大对提高浅埋隧道围岩稳定性有积极作用。     

气相色谱—串联质谱法同时测定洋葱中29种农药残留

为提高检测洋葱中农药残留的准确性,探讨用GC-MS/MS检验29种农药的方法。试验结果表明:GC-MS/MS法可同时测定洋葱中的29种农药残留,在0.001～0.500mg/L质量浓度范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9870～0.9987,相对标准偏差小于8.3%;加标回收率为79.6%～102.1%;检出限为0.01～1.42μg/kg。     

等壳碾压混凝土重力坝层间抗滑稳定可靠度分析

针对以有限元为基础分析碾压混凝土重力坝层间可靠度其功能函数不能显式表达的特点,采用响应面法、JC法、窄界限法原理相结合的可靠度计算方法。由三维非线性有限元对等壳水电站碾压混凝土重力坝各随机变量分位点值的计算结果,采用抗剪断公式构建该电站非溢流坝段层面的功能函数,求得响应面方程,并应用JC法和窄界限法计算层间单元可靠度指标及层间体系可靠度指标,进一步分析材料的变异系数对体系可靠度的影响。结果表明,φ是影响体系可靠度指标的最敏感因子,碾压各层β值一般为4.16～5.70,层间体系可靠度β'为4.12,满足工程要求。该方法计算效率高,实用性强,用于碾压混凝土重力坝层间抗滑稳定可靠度分析是可行的,值得推广。     

结合态与无机态钠对木质素半焦气化特性的影响

采用高温水平管式炉热解制取含有机结合态钠和无机态钠的木质素半焦,利用扫描电镜/能谱分析仪(SEM/EDS)和热重分析仪(TG)对半焦的形貌、元素分布及气化特性进行研究,借助热重红外联用技术(TG-FTIR)考察2种状态钠对木质素半焦气化反应性影响机理。结果表明,随着制焦温度由400℃增加到800℃,结合态钠木质素半焦表面出现大量鼓泡,半焦表面钠元素相对含量由5.36%增加到15.72%,半焦的CO_2和水蒸气气化碳转化率分别增加30%和20%;无机态钠催化木质素实验结果与结合态钠木质素相反。反应温度低于600℃时,结合态钠与木质素半焦反应主要为—CO_2Na与半焦反应;反应温度600~800℃范围内,主要为—CO_2Na和—CONa与半焦反应;当温度高于800℃时,主要为—CONa与半焦反应。     

Agricultural residues in panel production – Impact of silica particle content and morphology on tool wear

Abstract

Considering ongoing global deforestation and the increased demand for raw materials in all wood-processing sectors it is necessary to seek and employ alternative resources. Agricultural residues are potential sources of alternative lignocellulose-based raw materials. Research on substitute materials for wood panel production mainly focused on physical and mechanical properties of boards while much remains to be learned about machining. Therefore, studies were carried out to analyse the relationship between ash and silica content and their impact on tool wear. Ash and silica contents of agricultural residues were determined following ISO 3340. Particle morphology and elemental composition of selected materials were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Tool wear tests were carried out using particleboards made from wheat straw, canola straw and spruce. Analyses of various plant materials displayed no correlation between ash and silica content. Bio-mineralised silica structures in wheat and canola were different compared to coarse silica found in wood-based particleboard. Tool wear caused by these agricultural residues was just moderately increased compared to wood, despite the fact that their silica contents were many times higher. Furthermore, the impact of abrasive substances on wear behaviour was influenced by the density of the panels.     

Analysis of sawn lumber production from logging residues of branchwood of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aningeria robusta</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Terminalia ivorensis</Emphasis>

One way of meeting the supply demands of the wood industry is through the reduction of waste in timber processing. It has been estimated in Ghana that for every tree felled, nearly 50% of the tree volume is left in the forest in the form of branches, crownwood, and stumps. In this study, the potential of utilizing branchwood as raw material from logging residues to help meet the timber demands of the downstream processing sector was analyzed experimentally. The sawing characteristics of the branchwood of Aningeria robusta and Terminalia ivorensis with diameters in the range 10–25 cm using live sawing and cant sawing methods were determined using a randomized complete block design, 2 × 4 factorial with three replications. Experimental results indicate that, the relative lumber value yields for first and second grade boards of A. robusta and T. ivorensis branches were 25 and 20%, respectively, while the green lumber volume yields were 40 and 32%, respectively. A high proportion of sapwood and the occurrence of washboarding in T. ivorensis contributed to that species’ relatively low lumber value and volume yield. The experimental results further indicate that the sawing technique used had no significant influence on lumber yields. However, at 5% level of significance, significant differences in lumber yield existed between some of the diameter classes.