Saccharidic compounds as soil redox effectors and their influence on potential N2O production

Cellulose, xylan, and glucose were compared in waterlogged soil as modifying factors of the redox potential (Eh), of the quantity of reducing equivalents, and of the soil capacity to produce N₂O and CO₂. During the study period (168 h) soils supplied with glucose and xylan showed a higher Eh decrease than the control soil and the soil treated with cellulose. In samples taken after 0, 24, 48, and 168 h, the soils supplied with C showed a higher number of reducing equivalents than the control soil did. These quantities were not correlated with Eh values, nor with N₂O production. N₂O production was increased compared with the control soil over the entire experimental period in the glucose-amended soils but only after 48 h in the xylan-amended soils and not until 168 h in the cellulose-treated soils. The CO₂:N₂O ratio was consistently higher than the theoretical value of 2, suggesting that denitrification and CO₂ production via fermentation occurred simultaneously. Moreover, this ratio was highly correlated with the Eh values. We conclude that more research is needed to explain the role of soil redox intensity (Eh) and capacity (quantity of redox species undergoing reduction) in the expression of soil denitrification-fermentation pathways.     

Boron Fixation and Its Release in Soils and Bark Compost

Batch studies were conducted to investigate the fixing and release behavior of boron (B) in the soils from Haruo-cho, Kochi, and a bark compost (BC). Boron fixation on river sand (RS) was extremely low. The amount of B fixed was 6.3 mg kg⁻¹ for the greenhouse soil (GS). However, BC showed a 10-fold higher fixation of B (64.1 mg kg⁻¹) compared to GS, indicating that BC here displayed a significant capacity for B trapping. In GS, only around 9% of the adsorbed B was released during a 1-month period of incubation. Bark compost showed the highest amount of release during the incubation period, accounting for 64% of the adsorbed B. Moreover, the ratio of B release increased to 77% in the case of the soil mixed with BC. These results, suggest that different kinds of fixation-releasing mechanisms operate in the soil and BC. The B fixation on soil is considered as specific adsorption on minerals. A possible mechanism for B fixation on BC is ligand exchange. B-diol complexes might be formed with BC, and then after decomposition by microorganisms, they may release B during the incubation period.     

平原河网地区农村面源污染重点源和区的识别筛选——以上海青浦区为例

以地处平原河网地区的上海市青浦区为研究对象,通过清单分析方法和等标污染负荷法,以乡镇为单元研究了种植业、畜禽养殖、水产养殖和农村生活污水等农村面源污染来源,以及化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)等污染物的排放量及其贡献率,并以青浦区水环境功能区划地表水环境质量标准为基准,评价及识别筛选了该区域农村面源污染主要来源及其重点区域。研究结果表明,青浦区农业面源污染COD、TN、TP实物排放量分别为2.68×103、0.85×103、0.11×103t·a-1,主要污染源为种植业,其等标污染负荷比达到53.07%,主要污染物为TN,其等标污染负荷比达到59.92%。通过农业面源污染排放强度分析,确定青浦区农业面源污染程度较重的乡镇主要为练塘镇、白鹤镇和金泽镇,建议在青东地区以农村生活污水处理和畜禽养殖污染治理为重点、在青西地区以种植业面源污染防治为重点,针对性地开展农村面源污染综合防治工作。     

大豆灰斑病初侵染来源与病菌侵染条件的研究

本研究采用室内控制培养和室外人工接种的方法较为系统地探讨丁黑龙江省密虎地区大豆灰斑病初侵染来源与病菌侵染条件,试验结果表明病菌在病残体和种子中越冬,为次年初侵染的来源。放置于仓库和地表堆积病残体比埋入地下病残体产孢量多。随着时间的顺延,越冬后病残体产孢量和孢子萌发率也逐渐下降。分生孢子萌发温度范围12～35℃,最适温度20～25℃;在24℃温度条件下,病菌孢子置于相对湿度90％环境中6 h才能萌发,在水滴小萌发率最高;孢子萌发的pH值范围3～9,最适pH6～7;光对孢子萌发无显著影响。在13～30℃范围内病菌均能侵入寄主发病,在最适温度21～25℃范围内保湿6～8 h病菌即可顺利完成侵入寄主过程。在15～20℃温度范围内,病菌在寄主叶片潜育期为4～15d,荚部潜育期17～24d,温度越高潜育期越短,籽粒感病率越高。大豆植株体代谢旺盛的叶片和大于1cm的荚最易感病,而幼嫩和老化组织不易感病。     

世界海水观赏鱼贸易

介绍了世界海水观赏鱼贸易中鱼类来源、运输和主要进出口国家,分析了天津的海水观赏鱼贸易。     

Relationships between disease levels on seed tubers,on crops during growth and in stored potatoes. 5. Seed stocks grown at Rothamsted

Summary Disease or inoculum records made at different stages of growth on 100 commercial King Edward crops in 1971–75, and already reported, were augmented by growing 85 of the seed stocks in field experiments at Rothamsted and assessing disease or inoculum incidence during growth (1971, 1975), at harvest (1972–75) and after storage (1974–75). Incidence of black scurf, silver scurf and skin spot was usually greater at Rothamsted than on the different farms, probably because of later sampling dates. Disease incidence on seed tubers was often positively related to amounts of inoculum on harvested tubers or disease symptoms in store for black scurf, skin spot and gangrene, showing that seed tubers were an important inoculum source. With silver scurf the relationship was negative. Relationships between assessments made at different times were more consistent for all four diseases on crops at Rothamsted than on crops grown on different farms but they were not invariably significant.

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Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1971–1975 wurden 100 Proben von Marktware der Sorte King Edward, die im Fenland gewachsen waren, in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien auf den Krankheitsbefall oder Inokulumbesatz mit Pockenkrankheit, Tüpfelfleckenkrankheit, Silberschorf und Phomaf?ule untersucht (Adams et al., 1980a, 1980b; Hide & Adams, 1980a, 1980b). 85 dieser Pflanzgutproben wurden in Feldversuchen in Wiederholung in Rothamsted vermehrt und der Krankheits- oder Inokulumbesatz w?hrend des Wachstums (1971, 1975), bei der Ernte (1972–75) und nach der Lagerung bei 3°C (1974–75) untersucht (Tabelle 1). Tabelle 2 zeigt, dass der durchschnittliche Befall mit der Pockenkrankheit st?rker war als wenn die Kartoffeln im Fenland gewachsen und die gelagerten Kartoffeln 1975 stark mit Pocken besetzt waren. Der durchsnittliche Befall mit der Tüpfelfleckenkrankheit (Tabelle 4) zeigte, dass die Krankheit in Rothamsted verbreiteter war als 1974 und 1975 im Fenland, als fast alle gelagerten Knollen infiziert waren. Der durchschnittliche Befall mit Silberschorf (Tabelle 5) war im allgemeinen h?her als im Fenland und die Mehrheit der gelagerten Knollen war 1974 und 1975 stark infiziert (>10% der Oberfl?che war befallen). Die durchschnittlichen Werte für die Phomaf?ule (Tabelle 6) waren im allgemeinen w?hrend des Wachstums und zur Ernte niedrig, 1974 waren der Inokulumbesatz zur Erntezeit und der Krankheitsbefall im Lager mittel. Unterschiede im Krankheitsausmass zwischen Rothamsted und im Fenland ergaben sich vielleicht, weil in Rothamsted die Probennahme sp?ter, die Zeit zwischen Krautabt?tung und Ernte l?nger (was besonders die Phomaf?ule 1974 beeinflusste) und die Bodenbedingungen kühler und nasser waren (was besonders die Pockenkrankheit beeinflusste). Die Signifikanz der Regressionen zwischen den zu verschiedenen Zeiten gemachten Feststellungen des Krankheitsbefalls oder Inokulumbesatzes zeigte, dass für die Pockenkrankheit (Tabelle 3), die Tüpfelfleckenkrankheit (Tabelle 3) und für die Phomaf?ule (Tabelle 7) der Gehalt an Inokulum auf den Pflanzkartoffeln oft in signifikanter Beziehung zu den Bonituren w?hrend des Wachstums und im Lager stand, was die Bedeutung des knollenbürtigen Inokulums unterstreicht. Die signifikanten Regressionen für Silberschorf (Tabelle 3) zwischen dem Inokulumgehalt von Pflanzkartoffeln und geernteten Kartoffeln oder dem Krankheitsbefall nach der Lagerung hatten negative Koeffizienten (Abb. 1 und 2). Das deutet daraufhin, dass Pflanzkartoffeln, die viel Inokulum vor dem Pflanzen produzieren, dies weniger tun zum Zeitpunkt der Bildung von Tochterknollen. Im allgemeinen waren die Beziehungen zwischen den Feststellungen des Krankheitsbefalls oder Inokulumgehaltes, die zu verschiedenen Zeiten gemacht wurden, besser, wenn die Kartoffeln in Rothamsted aufwuchsen als wenn sie getrennt davon im Fenland standen. Dies zeigt die Bedeutung des ?rtlichen Inokulumbesatzes oder den Einfluss der Umgebung des Feldes. Die Beziehungen waren jedoch sogar in Rothamsted nicht immer signifikant, was auf die Notwendigkeit besserer Kenntnisse über die optimale Probengr?sse und über Testverfahren hinweist.

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Résumé L'enregistrement des informations concernant la maladie ou le taux d'inoculum pour le rhizoctone, l'oosporiose, la gale argentée et la gangrène, réalisé à différents stades de croissance sur 100 lots commerciaux de King Edward plantés dans le Fenland en 1971–75 (Adams et al., 1980a, 1980b; Hide & Adams, 1980a, 1980b) a été augmenté par culture de 85 lots de semence dans des champs d'expérience à Rothamsted et par estimation de l'incidence de la maladie ou de l'inoculum en cours de croissance (1971, 1975) à la récolte (1972–75) et après conservation à 3°C (1974–75) (tableau 1). Les valeurs moyennes relatives aux évaluations du rhizoctone (tableau 2) ont été plus élevées pour les cultures du Fenland et la maladie a été prédominante sur les lots conservés en 1975. Les valeurs moyennes concernant les estimations de l'oosporiose (tableau 4) ont montré que la maladie a été plus étendue à Rothamsted que dans le Fenland en 1974 et 1975 quand presque tous les tubercules conservés ont été contaminés. Les valeurs moyennes concernant les estimations de gale argentée (tableau 5) ont été d'une manière générale plus élevées que dans le Fenland et la majorité des tubercules stockés en 1974 et 1975 ont été fortement contaminés (plus de 10% de la surface affectée). Les valeurs moyennes des estimations relatives à la gangrène (tableau 6) ont été habituellement faibles pendant la croissance et à la récolte, mais en 1974 les taux d'inoculum à la récolte et l'incidence de la maladie en cours de conservation ont été modérés. Les différences observées entre les taux de maladie à Rothamsted et dans le Fenland ont été probablement dues au fait qu'à Rothamsted les prises d'échantillons se sont faites plus tardivement. Dans ce cas, les intervalles entre le défanage et la récolte ont été plus longs (ce qui a particulièrement affecté la gangrène en 1974) et les conditions de sol ont été plus fra?ches et plus humides (ce qui affecte spécialement le rhizoctone). La signification des régressions entre la maladie ou l'inoculum établies à différentes périodes a montré que pour le rhizoctone (tableau 3), l'oosporiose (tableau 3), et la gangrène (tableau 7) les taux d'inoculum sur les tubercules de semence ont souvent été en relation, et de manière significative, avec les estimations faites en cours de croissance et en conservation. Cela montre l'importance de l'inoculum sur le tubercule de semence. Pour la gale argentée (tableau 3) des régressions significatives entre les taux d'inoculum sur tubercules-mères, sur tubercules-fils et l'incidence de la maladie après conservation ont eu des coefficients négatifs (figures 1 et 2). Les auteurs suggèrent que les tubercules de semence produisant plus d'inoculum avant la plantation en produisent moins en cours de tubérisation. Généralement, les relations existant ente les estimations de maladie ou d'inoculum établies à différentes périodes ont été meilleures pour les lots plantés ensemble à Rothamsted que pour ceux plantés séparément dans le Fenland. Cela démontre l'importance des sources locales d'inoculum ou l'effet de l'environnement local au niveau des exploitations agricoles. Toutefois, même à Rothamsted, les relations n'ont pas été invariablement significatives, et cela indique la nécessité d'une meilleure connaissance des tailles optimales d'échantillons et des procédures relatives aux tests.

     

Composition and functional properties of unprocessed and locally processed seeds from three underutilized food sources in Nigeria

Chemical and functional properties of unprocessed (raw) and locally processed seeds ofBrachystegia eurycoma, Detarium microcarpum andMucuna sloanei that affect their utilization as sources of human food were investigated. The seeds, which are underutilized food sources in Nigeria, were subjected to local processing methods which included roasting, boiling, dehulling/shelling, soaking and the changes in composition and functional properties were estimated. Chemical analyses showed that the crude protein contents of the raw seeds ranged from 12.2 to 23.2%; fat varied from 4.9 to 12.0%. The level of phytic acid in the raw seeds (192.4–215 mg/100 g) was observed to be lower than the levels found in some commonly consumed pulses in Nigeria. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between crude protein contents and the least gelation concentrations of the raw and processed samples, but processing (roasting, boiling, dehulling and soaking) significantly (p=0.011) improved in vitro protein digestibility, water and fat absorption capacity and decreased the bulk density, nitrogen solubility and the phytic acid and polyphenol contents of the samples. Processed samples had high water (3.4–3.8 g/g) and fat (1.8–2.1 g/g) absorption capacities and hence may be useful as functional agents in fabricated foods such as bakery products and ground meat formulations.     

Astaxanthin: Sources,Extraction, Stability,Biological Activities and Its Commercial Applications—A Review

There is currently much interest in biological active compounds derived from natural resources, especially compounds that can efficiently act on molecular targets, which are involved in various diseases. Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β, β′-carotene-4,4′-dione) is a xanthophyll carotenoid, contained in Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, Chlorococcum, and Phaffia rhodozyma. It accumulates up to 3.8% on the dry weight basis in H. pluvialis. Our recent published data on astaxanthin extraction, analysis, stability studies, and its biological activities results were added to this review paper. Based on our results and current literature, astaxanthin showed potential biological activity in in vitro and in vivo models. These studies emphasize the influence of astaxanthin and its beneficial effects on the metabolism in animals and humans. Bioavailability of astaxanthin in animals was enhanced after feeding Haematococcus biomass as a source of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin, used as a nutritional supplement, antioxidant and anticancer agent, prevents diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, and also stimulates immunization. Astaxanthin products are used for commercial applications in the dosage forms as tablets, capsules, syrups, oils, soft gels, creams, biomass and granulated powders. Astaxanthin patent applications are available in food, feed and nutraceutical applications. The current review provides up-to-date information on astaxanthin sources, extraction, analysis, stability, biological activities, health benefits and special attention paid to its commercial applications.     

营养条件对灵芝51427菌丝生长的影响

该研究采用液体培养的方法,筛选出最适合灵芝51427菌丝生长的碳源、氮源。结果表明：在所试5种碳源、5种氮源中,灵芝菌丝生长的最适碳源是可溶性淀粉,最适氮源是牛肉浸膏。     

Experimental Research on Noise Reduction of Mini-car

By means of noise sources separation experiment of mini car and the surface acoustic intensity measurement of the engine, this paper finds that the main noise source of the mini car is the intake noise. According to the frequency spectrum analysis of the intake noise, the design frequency of the three cavity Helmholz intake silencer is determined. The results of the experiments show that the silencer, which is patented, has a remarkable effect, about 8 dB(A) decrement, on the noise reduction of the mini car.