烟属野生种主要植物学性状及黑胫病抗性评价

鉴定了烟属植物野生种生育期等植物学性状特性,评价了供试材料对黑胫病(0号及1号生理小种)的抗性,为开展远缘杂交花期相遇及亲本选配提供了基础数据。在玻璃温室内,本研究针对66份烟属植物野生种的生育期等7个植物学性状的调查,检测了烟碱及钾含量,并对黑胫病(0号及1号生理小种)抗性进行了评价。结果表明:供试材料播种到开花时间(DF)为35.00~357.00 d,平均121.67 d;种子千粒重(TSW)为0.02~0.20 g,平均0.09 g;株高(PH)为11.20~292.75 cm,平均119.19 cm;花冠长度(CL)为1.22~11.50 cm,平均3.98 cm;花冠直径(CD)0.67~7.80 cm,平均2.37 cm;最大叶长(MLL)为6.79~61.15 cm,平均25.17 cm;最大叶宽(MLW)为0.65~35.51 cm,平均11.84 cm。烟碱含量为0.03%~1.81%,平均0.34%;钾含量为0.32%~7.11%,平均3.56%。筛选到N.alata PI42334等11份资源同时抗黑胫病0及1号生理小种。     

红茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸的影响

研究红茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸的影响。将36只雄性KM小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、红茶提取物低、中、高剂量组及别嘌呤醇组。空白组和给茶组连续1周分别灌胃生理盐水和红茶提取物,给茶组第7天造模后1 h给茶;模型组在第7天腹腔注射氧嗪酸钾并灌胃酵母膏造模。测定结果显示:与模型组相比,各给茶组血尿酸(UA)水平均降低;与模型组相比,给茶组血尿素氮(BUN)水平均降低,其中、高剂量给茶组BUN水平显著降低(P0.05),高剂量组差异极显著(P0.01);各给茶组血肌酐(Cr)值与模型组相比极显著下降(P0.001)。高剂量组黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性较模型组显著降低(P0.05),低、中剂量组有一定的抑制作用,但无显著差异。研究表明,红茶提取物对氧嗪酸钾和酵母膏导致的小鼠高尿酸血症有明显的改善作用。     

胡椒园间作槟榔体系小气候对胡椒产量的影响

为确定胡椒园间作槟榔体系影响胡椒产量的关键小气候因子,在海南胡椒园间作槟榔优势区开展4种间作模式与单作胡椒园小气候因子对产量影响的为期4 a的试验,研究不同间作密度下,对胡椒产量有主要贡献的灌浆期的叶片光合作用参数、每日最高和最低气温、不同深度土层土壤温度和含水量,分析胡椒园间作槟榔体系小气候因子对胡椒产量的影响。结果表明:合理间作可以提高胡椒产量,其中间作槟榔株数为765株/hm2的T2处理可以显著提高胡椒产量38.71%,为增产效应最大的处理。分析T2处理增产的原因,发现光强影响的关键光合参数气孔导度对产量有极显著正效应,光合有效辐射、光合速率对产量有显著正效应,T2处理显著提高了这三个光合参数;高温干旱的灌浆期胡椒园日最高温和升温幅度与产量负相关,T2处理显著降低了这两个参数,使胡椒产量增加;表层土壤温度与产量呈负相关关系,T2处理显著降低了表层土壤温度,对胡椒根系有保护作用。综合分析,发现光合有效辐射、日最高温、升温幅度和表层土壤温度是影响胡椒产量的关键小气候因子,所以,这几种小气候因子是用来确定间作模式是否合理的关键参数。     

杏鲍菇冷链综合保鲜技术应用

介绍了我国杏鲍菇工厂化栽培现状、销售方式及存在的问题,综述了真空预冷、防雾薄膜、纳米保鲜薄膜、减压贮藏等技术在杏鲍菇保鲜上的应用,构建了杏鲍菇综合协同保鲜成套技术,以期为杏鲍菇贮藏保鲜提供一定的技术支持。     

黑蒜非发酵法制备工艺与抗氧化活性研究

为了提高黑蒜的生产效率、降低黑蒜的生产成本,将蒸制工艺与烘制工艺相结合,设计并优化了一种非发酵黑蒜制备工艺。研究结果表明,非发酵黑蒜的最佳制备工艺参数为:蒸制温度127℃、蒸制时间70 min、烘制温度95℃、烘制时间6.5 h,在此工艺条件下制得的黑蒜总酚质量比为11.15 mg/g,含水率为27.41%,还原糖和总酸质量比分别为7.87 g/(100 g)和36.09 g/kg。在0.06~0.18 mg/m L质量浓度范围内,黑蒜的还原能力是维生素C的1.4倍以上,说明黑蒜具有很强的抗氧化活性。与发酵工艺相比,总酚等活性成分含量相近,但极显著地缩短了黑蒜的制备时间、提高了生产效率、降低能耗,为功能性蒜制品的开发利用提供了技术基础。     

浅圆仓膜下氮气气调膜上控温储粮试验

通过改造浅圆仓测温电缆,实现了浅圆仓膜下充氮气调和膜上中央空调控温,提高了卸粮口、大门口、通风口等死角的害虫致死率。将浅圆仓氮气气调杀虫与控温储粮相结合,实现了储粮安全度夏。     

Multilocus sequence typing analysis of Italian Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strains suggests the evolution of local endemic populations of the pathogen and does not correlate with race distribution

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot in Brassicaceae. It is widespread in Italy and severe outbreaks occur under conditions that favour disease development. In this study a multilocus sequence typing approach (MLST) based on the partial sequence of seven loci was applied to a selection of strains representative of the main areas of cultivation and hosts. The aim was to investigate whether the long tradition of brassica crops in Italy has influenced the evolution of different Xcc populations. All loci were polymorphic; 14 allelic profiles were identified of which 13 were unique to Italian strains. Based on the seven loci, the most common genotype within the Italian Xcc strains (AP1) was also the most representative genotype found in worldwide Xcc strains. This genotype was included in a new clonal complex in addition to three other clonal complexes already identified in Xcc populations. The phylogenetic reconstruction using a concatenated dataset of four conserved protein-coding genes, dnaK, fuyA, gyrB and rpoD, showed that the Italian strains belonged to two genetic groups. Physiological races were also investigated for the first time in Italy. The race structure of Xcc was determined by inoculating eight differential Brassica lines belonging to five species and showed that, in Italy, race 4 is the most widespread, followed by races 1 and 6. No correlation was found between allelic profiles, host of isolation, geographical origin and races, although a prevalent race was identified within the same clonal complex.     

Evaluating diverse systems of tobacco genetic resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae in Yunnan,China

Black shank, caused by the soilborne pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae, is one of the most devastating diseases affecting tobacco production in China. The most effective strategy for reducing economic loss from this pathogen is development and use of resistant tobacco varieties. Multiple sources and systems of resistance have been developed in the Western Hemisphere; however, populations of P. nicotianae are variable around the world, including the predominance of different races. Different P. nicotianae isolates may react differently on tobacco plants with different systems of resistance, a possibility that could complicate the breeding of cultivars with resistance that is effective in different tobacco production regions worldwide. The objective of this research was to evaluate an array of tobacco germplasm possessing different systems of genetic resistance to black shank disease in tobacco-growing regions of Yunnan, China. Resistance types included simply inherited resistance mechanisms introgressed from wild Nicotiana relatives and polygenic partial resistance systems of N. tabacum origin. The loci of Wz exhibited high level resistance to black shank in the five diverse disease environments in Yunnan, China. K326 Php/−Wz/− genotype and Beinhart 1000 exhibited the greatest levels of resistance in both 2015 and 2016. Field observed results for 13 tobacco genotypes were highly correlated with those tested in growth chamber evaluation. These findings suggest that both Wz− and Beinhart 1000-mediated resistance have important commercial value in flue-cured tobacco breeding programmes in China. Cultivars developed for black shank resistance in China may also have utility in other tobacco-growing areas.     

吊杯式栽植器运动轨迹优化与试验

针对吊杯式移栽机膜上成穴移栽时膜面穴口大的问题,建立栽植机构的运动模型,通过分析栽植器的运动轨迹特性得出,当栽植器的运动轨迹为余摆线,且余摆线环扣最大横弦的距离等于轨迹线与地膜交点间的距离,栽植器在上拔阶段水平方向零速度点两侧打开,有利于减小膜面穴口尺寸。通过仿真分析和膜上移栽番茄盘苗试验得出,运动轨迹特征系数λ对膜面穴口的纵向尺寸影响显著,对横向尺寸和倾斜率影响不明显。随着λ值的增大,穴口纵向尺寸先减小然后增大,在移栽频率为50和55株·min^-1时,λ为1.093的穴口纵向尺寸分别为10.12 cm和9.49 cm,是最小值; 两种移栽频率条件下,随着λ值的增大,移栽株距分别从39.8 cm减小到33.5 cm和从39.1 cm减小到33.1 cm。该结论可用于指导吊杯式移栽机结构和工作参数的优选。