从生物被膜看食品机械安全性设计准则的必要性

根据目前生物被膜及其对食品机械设备和食品安全性危害的国内外研究现状,综合食品安全卫生、食品加工工艺、机械设计理论、材料科学及微生物生态学等多方面理论,提出并建议食品机械设备设计准则中增加基于食品安全性的基本准则,旨在防止和降低生物被膜对食品机械设备及其加工产品所造成的危害,减少食品安全隐患。     

不同浓度吲哚乙酸对周丛生物微生物群落代谢特性的影响

周丛生物是重要的初级生产者和分解者,在生态系统中扮演着重要角色.从碳源利用角度探讨了吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)对周丛生物微生物群落代谢特性的影响.以人工培育的周丛生物为材料,在温室培育20 d后施加不同浓度的吲哚乙酸,使用Biology生态测试板在群落水平上对微生物碳源利用特性进行定量...     

Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance in critical care medicine

Objective: To review the human and companion animal veterinary literature on nosocomial infections and antimicrobial drug resistance as they pertain to the critically ill patient. Data sources: Data from human and veterinary sources were reviewed using PubMed and CAB. Human data synthesis: There is a large amount of published data on nosocomially‐acquired bloodstream infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and surgical site infections, and strategies to minimize the frequency of these infections, in human medicine. Nosocomial infections caused by multi‐drug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens are a leading cause of increased patient morbidity and mortality, medical treatment costs, and prolonged hospital stay. Epidemiology and risk factor analyses have shown that the major risk factor for the development of antimicrobial resistance in critically ill human patients is heavy antibiotic usage. Veterinary data synthesis: There is a paucity of information on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance and nosocomially‐acquired infections in critically ill small animal veterinary patients. Mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance are universal, although the selection effects created by antibiotic usage may be less significant in veterinary patients. Future studies on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance in critically ill animals may benefit from research that has been conducted in humans. Conclusions: Antimicrobial use in critically ill patients selects for antimicrobial drug resistance and MDR nosocomial pathogens. The choice of antimicrobials should be prudent and based on regular surveillance studies and accurate microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drug resistance is becoming an increasing problem in veterinary medicine, particularly in the critical care setting, and institution‐specific strategies should be developed to prevent the emergence of MDR infections. The collation of data from tertiary‐care veterinary hospitals may identify trends in antimicrobial drug resistance patterns in nosocomial pathogens and aid in formulating guidelines for antimicrobial use.     

Biochemical Properties and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Chitosan-Immobilized Papain

Chitosan, the product of chitin deacetylation, is an excellent candidate for enzyme immobilization purposes. Here we demonstrate that papain, an endolytic cysteine protease (EC: 3.4.22.2) from Carica papaya latex immobilized on the matrixes of medium molecular (200 kDa) and high molecular (350 kDa) weight chitosans exhibits anti-biofilm activity and increases the antimicrobials efficiency against biofilm-embedded bacteria. Immobilization in glycine buffer (pH 9.0) allowed adsorption up to 30% of the total protein (mg g chitosan⁻¹) and specific activity (U mg protein⁻¹), leading to the preservation of more than 90% of the initial total activity (U mL⁻¹). While optimal pH and temperature of the immobilized papain did not change, the immobilized enzyme exhibited elevated thermal stability and 6–7-fold longer half-life time in comparison with the soluble papain. While one-half of the total enzyme dissociates from both carriers in 24 h, this property could be used for wound-dressing materials design with dosed release of the enzyme to overcome the relatively high cytotoxicity of soluble papain. Our results indicate that both soluble and immobilized papain efficiently destroy biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. As a consequence, papain, both soluble and immobilized on medium molecular weight chitosan, is capable of potentiating the efficacy of antimicrobials against biofilm-embedded Staphylococci. Thus, papain immobilized on medium molecular weight chitosan appears a presumably beneficial agent for outer wound treatment for biofilms destruction, increasing antimicrobial treatment effectiveness.     

A rhizobial biofilm with nitrogenase activity alters nutrient availability in a soil

This study investigates the role played by a Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEMIA 5019-Penicillium spp. biofilm in terms of soil fertility, when it is free-living in a soil. The biofilm increased N and P mineralizations of the soil and showed a high nitrogenase activity even under a very high NO₃⁻ concentration in the soil, compared to its member microbes. It maintained a low SO₄²⁻ concentration in the soil, which was conducive to the high nitrogenase activity. The application of this microbial association as a biofilmed inoculum is important for sustaining soil fertility as well as survival of such rhizobia in the soil in the absence of their hosts. Further studies are needed to evaluate the performance of the biofilm in terms of soil fertility in the ecosystems.     

细菌排出泵、TolC家族和生物薄膜的作用机制研究进展

在多种重要病原体中存在抗生素排出泵,它与其它抗性一起构成了细菌显著的耐药性,其识别的底物非常广泛.G-菌中还存在与排出泵不同的另一种以蛋白质构成的排出系统,通过底物特异性内膜蛋白和外膜蛋白TolC家族的可逆性互作,也可以直接将包括小分子药物和大分子蛋白毒素等的多种分子从胞浆经周质区运到体外.粘附在内置医疗装置或组织中的细菌因其形成生物薄膜结构和以蛋白质、多糖为主的水性基质包裹的菌体也可以产生长期感染以及对抗生素的持久抗性,这种抗性与经典的质粒、转座子或突变产生的抗性不同.本文对细菌TolC家族和生物薄膜引起的抗性机制进行了综述.     

Control of bacterial and fungal biofilms by natural products of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae)

The aim of this study is to verify the action of the aqueous leaf extract Ziziphus joazeiro in the eradication of bacterial and fungal biofilms, and to compare these effects with the stem bark extracts, as well as with conventional standard drugs. The presence of secondary metabolites was observed through phytochemical prospection assays. The effect of the aqueous extract on microbial biofilm formation was observed by OD600 nm absorbance and the crystal violet assay. For bacterial and fungal biofilms, chlorhexidine gluconate and fluconazole, respectively, were used as positive controls. Phytochemical characterization showed the presence of secondary metabolite classes common to both extracts such as flavonoids, steroids and saponins. In particular, in the aqueous leaf extract phenols, condensed tannins and alkaloids were observed. Eradication results using the aqueous leaf extract showed an inhibition of the microbial biofilm mass, moreover the biofilms were more sensitive to the bark extract, which presented a greater inhibition number and an action similar to standard drugs. It is important to highlight the leaf extract showed significant eradication at the lowest concentrations for mature yeast biofilms, thus demonstrating its potential to modify microbial resistance susceptibility. Bacterial and fungal biofilm eradication results using the Ziziphus joazeiro aqueous extracts presented a biofilm inhibition effect for both, moreover the results support the ethnopharmacological knowledge surrounding the use of Ziziphus joazeiro stems in the community. In comparison, the bark extract presented a more effective treatment than the leaf extract against biofilms, presenting inhibition levels similar to the used standard drugs.     

自然环境中的多物种生物膜: 研究方法及社群相互作用

自然界中的微生物大多以多物种生物膜的形式存在,这种生命形式可以增加微生物对外界环境胁迫的耐受性。在多物种生物膜中,微生物之间的相互作用包括合作、竞争、信号分子的传递、以及水平基因转移等。研究自然环境中多物种生物膜内部微生物之间的相互作用,不仅对于理解自然生物膜的形成和演替过程具有重要意义,而且也可以为多物种生物膜在环境质量提升、微生物多样性维持等方面提供理论指导。本文主要分为两个部分：第一部分总结了环境中多物种生物膜的研究方法,包括实验室模拟体系下生物膜的构建及其分析检测技术;第二部分论述了天然多物种生物膜内细菌间的相互作用。     

铜绿假单胞菌生物膜研究进展

条件致病菌铜绿假单胞菌（PA）是一种能形成生物膜的革兰氏阴性菌,作者综述了PA生物膜形成的生物学机制,包括菌体黏附、胞外多糖Psl和Pel、藻朊酸盐等参与细菌生物膜成熟的过程及群体感应系统调节相关因子表达,从而调控细菌形成生物膜应对不良环境。此外还概括了将生物膜作为靶点开发的药物等生物膜相关的研究进展。生物膜是菌体逃避有害刺激的护盾,研究其结构、形成及致病机理,了解PA产生耐药性的分子机制,对于通过调节生物膜形成或调控生物膜相关因子的表达进而优化PA的抗感染治疗有十分重要的意义。     

不同营养源对人工湿地基质生物膜培养液pH值的影响

采用恒温摇床培养方法,研究了不同营养源（处理1：尿素＋乙酸钠;处理2：亚硝酸钠＋乙酸钠;处理3：硝酸钾＋乙酸钠;处理4：碳酸氢铵;处理5：硫酸铵＋碳酸氢钠;处理6：磷酸二氢钾＋碳酸氢钠）对复合垂直流人工湿地基质生物膜培养液pH值的影响,探讨了pH值变化过程中生物膜脱氢酶活性和多糖含量的变化规律。结果表明,处理1、4以及5中培养液pH值先下降然后再上升,但下降和上升的幅度不同。处理2、3以及6中培养液pH值添加碳源前在7.30-7.40之间缓慢变化,添加碳源后均上升至9.00左右。在培养液pH值变化的过程中,生物膜脱氢酶活性和多糖含量也发生改变。处理1、2、3中生物膜脱氢酶活性均在pH值上升的过程中达到最高值,而处理4、5、6中脱氢酶活性随pH值的变化呈下降趋势。对于所设6个处理,除处理4中多糖含量在整个试验过程中基本不变外,其余5个处理中多糖含量均在pH值上升过程中一直增加。