Characterization of the bound residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in plant cell suspension cultures of wheat

The non-extractable residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in heterotrophic cell suspension cultures of wheat were studied by application of [2-pyrimidyl-14C] or [2-pyrimidyl-13C]cyprodinil. The main objective was to examine whether solid-state and liquid 13C NMR spectroscopy can be used to examine plant bound residues of pesticides. For 14C experiments, wheat suspensions grown on glucose as carbon source were treated with 10 mg litre(-1) of 14C-cyprodinil. After incubation for 12 days, 20% of applied 14C was detected as non-extractable residues. The cell debris were treated with 0.1 M HCl (reflux), 1.0 M HCl (reflux), buffer, or 2 M NaOH (50 degrees C); Bj?rkman lignin and acidolysis lignin fractions were also prepared from the debris. Radioactivity liberated and solubilized by these procedures was examined by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that cyprodinil and primary metabolites contributed to the fungicide's bound residues. Most of the residues (12% of applied 14C) remained associated with polar or polymeric/oligomeric endogenous cell materials in a stable manner. For the study with 13C-cyprodinil, wheat suspensions were cultivated on 13C-depleted glucose for four growth cycles, resulting in maximum 13C depletion of the natural cell components to about 0.10%. During the fourth cycle, 13C-labelled cyprodinil was applied, and cells were incubated (12 days). Cell debris was prepared and examined by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Debris was then treated as described above in the 14C experiment. Solubilized fractions were analyzed by liquid 13C NMR spectroscopy. However, none of the 13C NMR spectra recorded gave utilizable or unambiguous results, and all exhibited large inconsistencies, especially concerning the data from the conventional 14C experiment.     

Fractionation of cereal flour by sedimentation in non-aqueous systems. II. Rheological characterisation and baking performance of the protein fraction

A previously described method for the non-aqueous fractionation of cereal flours by sedimentation in non-aqueous solvents was carried out using flours of three wheat cultivars differing in baking performance, as well as one rye and one barley flour. The method was based on differences in the densities of starch (higher) and protein (lower). Thus, suspending finely milled flour in an inert solvent mixture with a density in between the densities of starch and protein yielded a sedimented starch fraction and a protein-rich fraction at the surface of the solvent. Further purification of this upper fraction provided a protein fraction, a middle fraction, and a lipid fraction. The protein fractions were examined by means of rheological methods such as micro-extension tests and creep-recovery tests. They also were reconstituted to standard flour with a protein content of 13.5%, which was used for micro-scale baking tests. Compared to aqueous isolated gluten, the hydrated protein fractions from wheat were much more extensible and had a lower resistance to extension. The baking performance of the wheat protein fractions was superior to gluten and comparable to the native wheat flours. The protein fraction from rye gave a wheat-like bread crumb, whereas the barley protein was not suited for bread making.     

The biochemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse,Mucuna gigantea (Willd) DC

Seeds of the tribal pulse,Mucuna gigantea, were analysed for proximate composition, total (true) seed proteins, seed protein fractionation, amino acid composition, minerals and antinutritional factors. Crude proteins, crude lipids, ash and nitrogen free extractives constituted 30.62%, 9.03%, 5.99% and 42.79%, respectively. The calorific values of 100 g dry matter of seed material is 374.91 kCal. The essential amino acids, leucine +isoleucine, are present in relatively large quantities. The seeds are rich in minerals like K, Ca, Mg and Fe. Antinutritional substances like total free phenols and tannins, trypsin inhibitor activity and haemagglutinating activity also were investigated.     

海南胶园不同母质发育砖红壤磷素形态特征研究

采用Hedley磷分级方法对海南胶园5种母质15个砖红壤磷素形态进行了研究。结果表明:由于变幅较大,砂页岩、花岗岩、片麻岩、浅海沉积物和玄武岩5种母质砖红壤Resin-P含量间、NaHCO3-Pi含量间、NaOH-Pi含量间和HCl-P含量间差异均不显著。所有土壤各级磷中残余态磷含量和百分比均最高,且玄武岩发育砖红壤上残余态磷含量和百分比含量均显著高于其他4种母质砖红壤。5种母质砖红壤中浅海沉积物发育砖红壤有机磷总量最低,所有土壤有机磷占全磷百分比的平均值为14.67%;除浅海沉积物发育砖红壤外,其他4种母质发育砖红壤上有机磷均以NaOH-Po为主,其占有机磷总量百分比的平均值为83.68%。Resin-P、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOH-Pi和HCl-P 4个无机磷组分含量间显著或极显著水平正相关,且均与土壤Bray 2提取态磷呈极显著的正相关。NaHCO3-Po和NaOH-Po两个有机磷组分含量间呈极显著正相关,NaHCO3-Po、土壤有机磷总量均与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。     

Grass silage for biorefinery—A meta‐analysis of silage factors affecting liquid–solid separation

This meta‐analysis based on 19 studies from Finland comprising 43 grass silages was undertaken to evaluate the effect of silage quality on liquid yield, liquid composition and retained compounds in liquid using four different liquid–solid separation methods. Silages were classified according to species (grass, clover or a mixture of them), additive treatment (no, biological or formic acid‐based additive) and harvest (primary growth or regrowth). A mixed model regression analysis with random study effect was used to evaluate the impact of silage characteristics on biorefinery efficiency. There was a large variation in silage quality in the data set. Silage dry‐matter concentration was the characteristic most highly correlated with liquid yield for all separation methods, and when used as an independent variable in the model, it resulted in the best predictions. The liquid–solid separation methods presented a great variation in the liquid yield, ranging from 0.26 to 0.56 when silage dry‐matter concentration was standardized to 250 g/kg. There was no effect of additive treatment and harvest in the estimation of the biorefinery potential, but species was a significant variable in predicting liquid yield for the laboratory‐scale presses with higher liquid yield for mixed grass and legume. The high correlation between silage quality and liquid yield and liquid composition provides potential to predict the biorefinery potential based on equations developed for each separation method. This information can be used to modify the silage production systems so that they best meet the requirements of a green biorefinery process.     

湖北省几种土壤的重金属镉、铜形态

研究了湖北省棕红壤、黄棕壤和和黄褐土中重金属镉、铜的形态差异，分析了重金属负荷水平对土壤重金属形态的影响，结果表明：未污染土壤中重金属镉、铜主要为氧化铁结合态和残渣态，占土壤重金属全量的75％以上；交换态镉含量与土壤pH呈负相关，从未污染土、污染土到镉质土，随土壤Cd负荷提高，土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉的比例增大，有效地提高，残渣态、氧化铁结合态镉的比例降低，土壤中铜有相似的变化趋势。     

石灰性土壤解磷细菌的鉴定及其对土壤无机磷形态的影响

【目的】从北方石灰性土壤中分离筛选解磷细菌,对其进行鉴定,并测定其解磷能力,为筛选高效稳定的解磷菌株提供参考。【方法】采集陕西杨凌地区白菜、葡萄、猕猴桃3种植物根际土样,采用稀释涂布法分离土壤解磷细菌,对分离到的细菌进行革兰氏染色,观察菌落形态及颜色,测定其生理生化性质,并结合16SrRNA法对其进行鉴定;测定各菌株在固体及液体培养基中的解磷能力大小;分析浇灌无机解磷细菌发酵液后石灰性土壤中无机磷形态及其含量的变化。【结果】共分离筛选得到10株解磷细菌,其中2株为有机解磷细菌(Y1和Y2),4株为无机解磷细菌(W1、W2、W3和W4),其余4株既能分解有机磷,也能分解无机磷,为双解磷细菌(WY1、WY2、WY3和WY4);分离到的10株解磷细菌为革兰氏阴性菌,其中WY1和Y2为短杆菌,其余均为杆菌。生理生化性质及16S rRNA序列分析结果表明,10株菌株中8株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),其中WY2、W1、W2、W3与腊状芽孢杆菌相似,WY3和W4与苏云金芽孢杆菌相似,WY4与巨大芽孢杆菌相似,Y2与Bacillus aryabhattai相似;WY1和Y1分别与耐寒短杆菌、杨氏柠檬酸杆菌相似。不同类型解磷细菌在固、液体培养基中解磷能力不同;高效液相色谱分析结果表明,筛选得到的无机解磷细菌部分分泌草酸,部分分泌酒石酸。石灰性土壤浇灌无机解磷细菌发酵液后,Ca8-P、Ca2-P含量增加,Fe-P含量减少,Al-P、Ca10-P、O-P含量变化不大。【结论】石灰性土壤中解磷细菌具有物种多样性,无机解磷细菌能使石灰性土壤中可利用有效磷含量增加。     

长期施肥下水稻土有机碳固持形态与特征

基于为期30年的红壤性水稻土长期定位试验,选用不施肥(CK)、化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK)、NPK配施低量有机肥(NPKM7/3)、NPK配施中量有机肥(NPKM5/5)、NPK配施高量有机肥(NPKM3/7)五个处理,通过物理-化学联合分组方法,分析土壤有机碳在不同施肥处理下的非保护、物理、化学、生化、物理-化学及物理-生化保护组分的碳含量特征及其与土壤总有机碳之间的关系,并探讨稻田土壤有机碳的固持机制。结果表明,除了非保护的轻组和微团聚体内闭蓄态的粘粉粒组分外,其他组分的质量比例在各施肥处理间均有显著性差异。有机无机配施(NPKM7/3、NPKM5/5、NPKM3/7)下,总有机碳含量(19.1~25.0 g·kg-1)、非保护的粗颗粒有机碳(cPOM)含量(8.41~12.7 g·kg-1)及物理保护的微团聚体有机碳(6.41~6.62 g·kg-1)含量均显著高于CK处理(P<0.05)。对化学、生化、物理-化学及物理-生化保护态的有机碳含量无显著性影响,表明非保护的cPOM及物理保护的微团聚体(μagg)对施肥的响应最敏感。相关分析表明,cPOM、物理保护的μagg及其闭蓄的细颗粒有机碳(iPOM)与土壤总有机碳含量之间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),相关方程的斜率表明有机碳变化引起了组分变化,其中:土壤总有机碳变化引起的cPOM变化率最高(50%);土壤总有机碳积累引起物理保护的μagg及其闭蓄的iPOM碳组分变化率为12%;生化保护的非酸解粘粒和物理-化学保护的酸解的粉粒虽与土壤总有机碳显著相关,其变化率仅为2%~3%;其他各保护机制下的组分与土壤总有机碳含量均无显著相关关系。这表明在现行种植和管理制度下,供试红壤性水稻土有机碳主要以cPOM及μagg有机碳的形式积累,土壤化学、生化、物理-化学及物理-生化保护碳组分可能已经达到平衡。     

不同有机物料对灌漠土重金属累积特征及作物效应的影响

【目的】 探讨长期施用有机物料对灌漠土中重金属含量、形态赋存特征及作物重金属含量的影响,为有机物料农业安全利用及土壤有机培肥中重金属累积控制提供理论依据和技术支持。【方法】 利用田间长期定位试验,研究鸡粪、牛粪、猪粪、菌渣、污泥和沼渣对灌漠土几种典型重金属元素含量、赋存形态及小麦植株中重金属含量的影响。【结果】 长期（7年）施用鸡粪、猪粪、污泥的处理显著增加了灌漠土中Cu、Zn含量,增加量为猪粪＞鸡粪＞污泥,其中Cu含量分别增加了62.20%、20.10%和10.26%,Zn含量分别增加了79.98%、39.24%和18.31%,并与施用年限呈显著正相关关系。3种有机物料施用下Cu平均每年累积速率为4.16、1.25和0.97 mg·kg ^-1·a ^-1,Zn平均每年累积速率为11.04、4.86和2.59 mg·kg ^-1·a ^-1。但施用上述3种有机物料对Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni含量没有显著影响。施用牛粪、菌渣和沼渣对灌漠土中重金属含量亦无显著影响。施用鸡粪、猪粪、污泥还显著影响了土壤中Cu、Zn赋存形态,增加了土壤中Cu、Zn各有效赋存形态的含量和占总量的比例,显著提高了灌漠土中Cu、Zn有效态的含量,显著增加了小麦根和秸秆中Cu、Zn的含量,其中猪粪影响最大。【结论】 猪粪、鸡粪、污泥长期施用可导致灌漠土中Cu、Zn快速累积并提高Cu、Zn的生物有效性,其中猪粪的作用尤为明显。在施用有机物料培肥土壤时,要特别关注其中Cu、Zn的含量,以确保土壤健康和可持续利用。     

Characterizing Constituents of Sediment Phosphorus Fractionation in a Freshwater Shallow Lake System

[Objective] This study aimed to characterize constituents of phosphorus(P)fractionation as well as reciprocities among factors in sediments of a freshwater shallow lake. [Method] Surface sediment was discretely sampled at 24 sites through Van Veen grabs. Based on a modified sequential extraction scheme, P fractionation was determined as Fe/Al bound P(Fe/Al-P), Ca bound P(Ca-P), solute and reductive P(S/R-P) and organic P(OP). Curve estimation and Pearson product-moment correlation were employed for statistical analysis. [Result] Total P(TP) content ranged from 443 to 774 mg/kg. Inorganic P(IP) was the major component of TP,of which Ca-P was dominated with an average of 51%±9.7%. Average contents of P fractionation were in the following order: Ca-P(51%) OP(29%) S/R-P(8%) Fe/Al-P(7%). The molar ratio of Fe to P was 11- 20, close to the threshold value of P leaching. [Conclusion] In freshwater shallow lakes, IP and Ca-P were prone to be relatively high, whereas Fe/Al-P was low compared with deep lakes. Occurrence of spatially monotonic gradient indicated the primary causation of anthropogenic sources. Imminent sediment P liberation was also expected. Close associations among TP, Fe/Al-P and Ca-P, implying that anthropogenic P was mainly bound to metals in particulates. Significant correlations of TOC and P fractionation highlighted endogenous mechanism and authigenic origin in sediments.