Influence of mapping resolution on assessments of stream and streamside conditions: lessons from coastal Oregon,USA

• 1. Digital hydrographic data are commonly employed in research, planning, and monitoring for freshwater conservation, but hydrographic datasets differ in spatial resolution and accuracy of spatial representation, possibly leading to inaccurate conclusions or unsuitable policies for streams and streamside areas.
• 2. To examine and illustrate the potential for different hydrographic datasets to influence in‐channel and streamside characterizations, a study area in the US Pacific Northwest was chosen because 1:100 000, 1:24 000, and densified 1:24 000 hydrography are available and widely used in research and management for several species of Pacific salmon and trout at risk. The potential was examined for differences among the digital hydrographic datasets in: (1) spatial extent to influence estimated abundances of fish habitat, streamside buffer conditions, and fish distributions; and (2) spatial position to influence estimated streamside buffer conditions and estimated stream gradient.
• 3. The analysis of spatial extent found the total stream length represented by the 1:100 000 hydrography was approximately one half that of 1:24 000 hydrography and only one fifth that of densified 1:24 000 hydrography. The 1:100 000 and 1:24 000 networks differed significantly for 13 out of 18 fish habitat attributes, and the three hydrographic datasets differed significantly for many characteristics in streamside buffers; fish distributions mapped at 1:24 000 added 6–14% of stream length to 1:100 000 distributions. The analysis of spatial position found few differences between the 1:100 000 and 1:24 000 hydrography in streamside buffer characteristics but significant differences in channel gradient.
• 4. Overall, hydrographic datasets differed only slightly in spatial position but differed in spatial extent to the point of representing different populations of streams. If species inhabiting larger streams (greater mean annual discharge) are of interest, then results derived from studies based on 1:100 000 hydrography should prove useful. However, higher‐resolution hydrography can be critical when designing and implementing strategies to protect fish and other aquatic species at risk in smaller streams.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自走式亚麻脱粒翻铺机的脱粒机构

详细阐述了自走式亚麻脱粒翻铺机脱粒机构的结构和工作原理,通过建立1:1的实验模型验证了亚麻脱粒装置的旋转速度,进而确定设计的主要技术参数,并对该机构的位置关系进行了理论分析和计算。根据主要技术参数,设计出脱粒机构的主要部件—脱粒锥辊和压麻辊,并确定出锥辊变速箱的传动比及具体结构,完成主要部件的布局和设计。制作样机后与现有的多种亚麻脱粒机进行了对比实验,并对实验结果汇总分析,最后得出该脱粒机构是一种新型的、先进的脱粒装置这一结论。     

雏鸡新城疫免疫后部分黏膜中抗新城疫IgG的检测

利用新城疫Ⅳ系对不同免疫途径免疫后雏鸡的泪液、气管液、血清中抗新城疫病毒的HI抗体效价进行了检测。结果表明：黏膜免疫途径比非黏膜免疫途径更活跃地激活黏膜免疫应答部位产生IgG,并且黏膜免疫后,离Ag刺激近的部位免疫应答较强。黏膜免疫应答部位的HI抗体在一免后要比血清中抗体效价高,而二免后其IgG含量要低于血清中IgG含量。     

图书馆知识管理创新在林业创新人才培养中的地位与作用

林业创新人才培养是林业发展的重要动力,没有林业创新人才培养就没有林业创新技术和林业科技的发展。林业创新人才培养离不开图书馆知识管理创新。图书馆知识管理创新涉及意识观念、体制、管理、人员素质、技术及服务等诸多因素。图书馆知识管理创新促进林业创新人才培养。林业创新人才培养与图书馆知识管理创新有着密切的关系。     

贵阳市云岩区城市功能发育与定位

从贵阳市云岩区的经济发展背景出发,阐述云岩区如何进一步拓展和完善中心城区的功能,发挥其“增长极”效应,使之成为推动经济和社会发展的主轴心.重点分析其城市功能发育现状：经济实力居全市主导地位;第三产业优化提升;二产稳步增长;招商引资成绩突出.并对其未来5年及今后一段时期的城市功能定位提出了一些新思路：把云岩建成贵阳市经济商务中心、现代化物流中心、宜居宜创业的人居中心;贵州省的先进制造技术加工的重要发展基地;集旅游、会展、比赛服务为一体的重要城区.     

直流电机驱动农用履带机器人轨迹跟踪自适应滑模控制

为了提高农用履带机器人轨迹跟踪控制的性能,将履带机器人模型视为由电机驱动方程和运动方程组成的级联系统,在考虑了履带机器人运动学模型和电机驱动模型动态特性的基础上,构建了一种变倾斜参数的自适应积分滑模切换函数,基于这个函数设计了由等效控制和切换控制组成的自适应滑模控制,将机器人的位姿误差以及在线辨识的驱动电机时变不确定参数反馈至控制器中,计算出左右轮驱动电机的期望角速度,控制履带机器人运行。田间试验结果表明,当机器人分别以1,3,4 m/s速度运行时,在运动方向距离误差、侧向距离误差和航向角的误差分别在-0.04~0.04 m,-0.09~0.07 m和-0.03~0.05 rad范围内。因此,基于电机驱动的机器人自适应滑模控制具有良好的控制精度,能够满足田间实际作业的要求。     

导叶出口边位置对井用潜水泵性能的影响

为研究空间导叶出口边位置对井用潜水泵性能的影响规律,该文针对250QJ125型5级井用潜水泵,在其他几何参数均给定的条件下,通过沿轴向改变原始导叶的出口边位置,使其既满足与旋转轴线垂直又与半径线重合,设计了6个模型方案。基于雷诺时均N-S方程和RNG k-ε模型,采用SIMPLE算法对6个模型方案进行全流道三维数值模拟,获得各方案的扬程与效率,发现导叶出口边位置沿轴向延伸30 mm时,为最佳改进方案,此时模型泵水力效率提升1.2%,扬程增加6.8 m。同时根据各方案在设计工况下外特性的计算结果,提取各方案第1~5级的叶轮数据,发现原方案与最佳改进方案相比,首级叶轮水力效率、扬程基本相同,原方案的其余次级叶轮效率、扬程与其首级相比差距较大,最佳方案的其余次级叶轮效率与首级叶轮基本持平,扬程下降1 m,但是相比于原方案的其余各级扬程,均大约提升了2.2 m。最后分析了各方案在导叶出口截面上的内流场,结果表明:导叶出口边位置沿轴向延伸可改变液流在导叶出口处的流态,使其呈分散旋转流动,分散旋涡的数量与导叶叶片数相同;当导叶出口边延伸至适当位置时,能够减小下级叶轮的入口环量及冲击损失,改善导叶与下级叶轮之间的匹配关系。     

滴灌均匀性对土壤水分传感器埋设位置的影响

合理选择土壤水分传感器埋设位置以减少监测点密度和成本,是基于无线传感器网络制定灌溉处方图亟待解决的一个关键问题。该研究基于土壤含水率时间稳定性原理,将直接代表平均土壤含水率的点位用于土壤水分传感器布设位置点的选取,在水平方向分布均匀,垂直剖面土壤颗粒组成变异程度随土层深度增加的粉壤土田块内分析了低、中、高灌水均匀系数(分别为0.6、0.8和0.97)对春玉米主要根系层土壤含水率空间分布均匀性和时间稳定性的影响。结果表明,春玉米生育期内,随灌水均匀系数降低,土壤含水率空间分布均匀度降低,但低、中、高灌水均匀系数处理的土壤含水率均匀系数均大于0.81;低、中、高灌水均匀系数处理的平均Spearman秩相关系数均达到了显著水平(P0.05),但土壤含水率空间分布结构相似性随灌水均匀度的增加而减小;对高灌水均匀系数处理,0~0.2、0.2~0.4、0.4~0.6、0.6~0.8 m土层直接代表平均土壤含水率的测点比例分别为83%、78%、53%和86%。随灌水均匀系数降低,各土层直接代表平均土壤含水率的测点数量减少,说明土壤水分传感器随机布设引起的测量误差将随滴灌灌水均匀度的减小而增大。     

基于BLUP和GGE双标图的林木多地点试验分析

【目的】建立基于无偏预测值(BLUP)与基因型主效加基因型-环境互作效应(GGE)双标图的分析模型,以提高林木多点试验数据分析的准确性。【方法】以火炬松36个基因型在6个试验地(S1~S6)的种子产量为基础数据,利用ASReml软件对实测数据进行空间变异结合因子分析法的模型拟合,以获取各地点下每个基因型的BLUP值;从试验地划分、试验地评估和林木基因型评估3个方面,对原始数据、BLUP数据进行GGE双标图分析与比较。【结果】BLUP数据具有明显的空间变异,比原始数据具有更高的产量变异解释能力;原始数据和BLUP数据的试验地分组结果一致,均分为2组,但BLUP数据的试验地点间的相关关系变弱;原始数据的理想试验地为地点S5,而BLUP数据为地点S1;原始数据和BLUP数据的最理想基因型均为21,但2种数据高产和稳产基因型的一致性比较低。【结论】基于BLUP与GGE双标图相结合的模型,可用于林木多点试验分析,其比原始数据的GGE双标图分析结果更为可靠。     

Effects of commercial thinning,log position in the stem,and cutting width on the surface quality of cants produced by a chipper-canter

Fifteen stems of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) of 3 commercial thinned plots (control, moderate, and intensive thinning) and 15 stems of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P), both coming from the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region – Canada, were cross-cut into three 2.4?m length sections: bottom, middle, and top logs. Logs were processed with a chipper-canter at three cutting widths (12.7, 19.1, and 25.4?mm), producing chips and a three-faced cant. The middle section of the cant was used to evaluate surface quality across the grain on each face. Roughness and waviness parameters and depth of torn grain were recorded. Knot characteristics were assessed in the three cant faces. Poorer surface quality was found in the lower part compared to the upper part of the cant for both species. At larger cutting widths, jack pine logs coming from a natural stand showed lower surface quality compared to logs from thinned stands. Black spruce waviness increased with the cutting width and stem height. These results were attributed to the increase of forces and vibration when cutting at larger cutting widths, which was worsened by the presence of bigger, more numerous knots at the control plot and in the top logs. Black spruce had deeper torn grain compared to jack pine. Their differences in knot characteristics resulted in a maximum torn grain depth favored by the presence of more knots rather than by bigger knot size. Other knot characteristics, such as the position of the knots in the cant face, the insertion angle of the branch and the distribution of the knots around the log, should be studied to better understand the relationship between torn grain formation and knottiness.