Sewage sludge treated with bentonite,vermiculite or biochar can improve soil properties and enhance growth of grasses

Sewage sludge treated with 15% bentonite, vermiculite or biochar was evaluated as a soil amendment in comparison to limed and untreated sludge. Seven treatments were established to two soils, an acid and an alkaline, in three replications, i.e. 2% addition of sludge treated with bentonite, vermiculite, biochar and lime and application of 2% untreated sludge, inorganic fertilization and no sludge or inorganic fertilizers (control). Then, the soil treatments were used in a pot experiment with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as a test plant. Sludge treated with the clay minerals or biochar improved pH of the acid soil and significantly increased organic matter and available nutrients of both soils compared to control. Although no salinity or sodicity hazard was evidenced, the initial salinity of acid and alkaline soil increased by four-eight and two-three times, respectively, upon addition of all sludge treatments, especially that of untreated sludge. Moreover, soil available zinc (Zn) increased by four-eight times. Soil application of sludge treated with the clay minerals or biochar increased the total aboveground biomass yield of ryegrass in the acid and alkaline soil by 133%–171% and 72%–88%, respectively, compared to control and enhanced nutrient uptake by plants. Furthermore the microbial metabolic quotient indicated lack of low pH and heavy metal stress with addition of sludge to the acid soil. After three harvests of ryegrass, the residual effect of sludge on pH of acid soil and salinity, available phosphorus (P), Zn and boron (B) of both soils still persisted. Thus sewage sludge treated with 15% bentonite, vermiculite or biochar could be applied to soils at a rate of 2% (≈80 Mg ha⁻¹) to serve as soil amendment and fertilizer for grasses and pasture species; however, caution is needed regarding possible P build-up, Zn phytotoxicity and salinization risks.     

Meta分析生物质炭对中国主粮作物痕量温室气体排放的影响

该文采用Meta分析方法定量分析生物质炭输入对中国主粮作物痕量温室气体的影响,研究可为农田痕量温室气体减排提供有效的途径.结果表明相对于不施加生物质炭,生物质炭输入对甲烷吸收/排放并无显著影响,而甲烷排放在不同耕作和施氮情况下发生显著变化.旋耕和不施氮情况下施加生物质炭分别显著提高稻田甲烷排放达30%和46%,而在翻耕和施氮的情况下施加生物质炭可减少稻田甲烷排放达9%和10%.生物质炭输入分别可显著减少主粮作物氧化亚氮、全球增温潜势(global warming potential,GWP)及温室气体排放强度(greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI)达41%、18%及25%.不同土地利用类型、耕作类型、生物质炭施用量及生物质炭类型均可显著影响农田氧化亚氮、GWP和GWPI.合理的管理主粮作物生物质输入可为减少温室气体排放做出贡献,建议生物质炭与施氮和翻耕2种农作措施相结合,施加小于10 t/hm2及碳氮比(C/N)低于80的生物质炭,以利于主粮作物综合温室效应的减排.     

Minimizing Ammonia Volatilization from Urea in Waterlogged Condition Using Chicken Litter Biochar

Application of urea in lowland rice fields leads to ammonia (NH₃) volatilization and environmental pollution, and diminishes nitrogen recovery by rice (Oryza sativa L.). Amending urea with biochar could reduce NH₃ loss from urea as well as improve chemical properties of acid soils. An incubation study was conducted using a closed-dynamic air flow system to determine NH₃ volatilization from urea and chemical properties of an acid soil (Typic Paleudults). The soil was mixed with three rates of chicken litter biochar (20, 40, and 60 g pot^?1) and 1.31 g urea. Mixing an acid soil with biochar (60 g pot^?1) in waterlogged to stimulate conditions in paddy condition significantly reduced NH₃ loss and total titratable acidity. Biochar application also increased soil pH, total nitrogen, available nitrate, organic matter, total organic carbon, total carbon, available phosphorus, and exchangeable cations. Thus, chicken litter biochar can be used to reduce urea-N loss and ameliorate chemical properties of acid soils. This aspect is being embarked on in our on-going field experiments.     

Biochar impact on the estimation of the colorimetric‐based enzymatic assays of soil

This study was carried out in order to assess the influence of biochar applications on the estimation of colorimetric‐based enzymatic assays and to verify the effectiveness of the most common methods. Since most methods used to determine enzymatic activities in the soil are based on colorimetry, biochar may absorb substrates and/or coloured products thereby distorting the analytical result. Biochar was added to two soils, with different textures and cation exchangeable capacities, at a rate of 2% (w/w), and seven enzyme activities were determined following standard methods. The biochar amendment lowered the spectrophotometer reading of the activity of FDAase and dehydrogenase in the sandy soil. In the three enzymatic activities based on p‐nitrophenol production (β‐glucosidase, phosphatase and arylsulphatase), the addition of biochar did not change the enzyme assays. The biochar led to an overestimation in terms of the protease and urease activities in the sandy soil. In the clay loamy soil, biochar did not change the response of any of the enzyme activities tested. A biochar dose of up to 2% only guarantees the effectiveness of the most common spectrophotometric methods for not excessively sandy soils.     

仿贝壳结构制备纤维增强的复合材料

模仿贝壳的层状结构,以环氧树脂作为基体,在树脂中添加了竹纤维和麻纤维,并对其力学性能进行了测试。结果表明：与环氧树脂材料相比,添加了竹纤维和麻纤维的环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能有所改善;竹纤维和麻纤维的增韧机制主要有裂纹滞止、微裂纹、界面剥离、纤维拔出、塑性桥连等,与具有弱界面的脆/塑复合材料增韧机制相似。     

毛竹种群空间格局的地统计学分析

为了增加对竹林生态系统认识,应用地统计学中的半方差、半方差理论模型模拟、分形维数及其与竹林结构部分因子相关分析,研究毛竹种群空间格局特征。研究结果:(1)毛竹种群半方差总体均值为0.818,林地之间变异较大,属中等强度变异。半方差的标准差较小,占半方差均值的1.293%～7.241%。不同类型毛竹林半方差均值比较两两之间差异不显著。半方差的理论模型模拟多为线性模型,而球状模型和指数模型较少,毛竹林空间自相关性较弱。(2)毛竹林分形维数均趋近于2,表明毛竹林具有较好的均质性。(3)基台值与立竹度、均匀度呈显著相关关系,而分形维数与立竹度和均匀度相关不显著,表明了基台值与分形维数是刻画种群空间格局两方面指标。结论:毛竹林是趋于同质性植被,空间自相关性较弱,毛竹种群半方差在不同类型竹林之间差异不显著;竹林经营时采用竹阔混交林为宜,同时使毛竹在空间分布上趋于均匀,减小半方差,减弱毛竹之间的空间资源竞争强度。     

生物质炭对土壤团聚体微域环境及重金属污染的作用研究

生物质炭作为一种优质的土壤改良剂,由于其实现了资源的可循环利用且在农业及生态领域中有着巨大的应用价值和现实意义,因而近年来受到国内外学者的普遍关注。笔者综述了生物质炭在土壤重金属污染方面的修复作用,并从生物质炭对土壤团聚体微域环境的阳离子交换量、养分及微生物等方面的改善及影响入手,探索了生物质炭对土壤重金属污染的修复机制,研究结果表明生物质炭对土壤重金属形态及生物有效性有显著的固定及改善作用。旨在为该领域未来的研究提出展望和建议,以期为生物质炭的发展动向提供参考。     

生物炭配施氮素对陆地棉盛花期根系形态与构型的影响

为揭示生物炭与氮素相互作用对陆地棉盛花期根系形态及构型的影响规律,设置处理N0(常规施氮,施氮量0. 3 t/hm~2)、N0+Bc1%(常规施氮+棉秆炭质量为耕层土质量1%)、Nl+Bc1%(低氮0. 21 t/hm~2+棉秆炭质量为耕层土质量1%)、Nl+Bc2%(低氮0. 21 t/hm~2+棉秆炭质量为耕层土质量2%)和N0+Bc4%(常规施氮+棉秆炭质量为耕层土质量4%),掘根法采集棉花盛花期0～10 cm和大于10 cm土层根系,基于广义加性模型分析土层深度(0～10 cm和大于10 cm)、生物炭施用方式(生物炭与氮素比例)单独以及交互作用对根系节间距和根长密度的影响,并利用冗余分析影响根长密度的因子。结果表明:N0+Bc1%细根平均根长与Nl+Bc2%没有显著差异(p0. 05),但显著高于N0+Bc4%、Nl+Bc1%、N0(p 0. 05)。0～10 cm土层根系平均分枝角为83°17',深层土壤(大于10 cm)根系分枝角均显著变大,Nl+Bc2%根系分枝角最大,为101°48'。生物炭施用方式改变了棉花根系节间距(p 0. 001),与来水方向270°根系节间距变化最显著,其中N0+Bc4%平均根节长度为4 cm。生物炭施用方式(p 0. 02)和土层深度(p 0. 001)均改变了棉花根长密度。冗余分析表明:浅层细根和中等根分枝角、深层细根分枝角和极细根根长比例是影响根长密度的主要因子。综上所述,1%～2%的生物炭配施0. 21 t/hm~2氮主要改变了深层土壤(大于10 cm)陆地棉根系构型及形态,并且2%生物炭弥补了灰漠土氮素不足的负作用。     

黑土区坡耕地连年施加生物炭的最佳模式研究

为探讨东北黑土区连续多年施加生物炭的应用效果及其综合影响,寻找最佳的施碳量以及施加年限,于2015年在位于黑龙江省北安市的红星农场开展了生物炭最佳施用模式的研究。按照生物炭的施加量设置Y0(0 t/hm~2)、Y25(25 t/hm~2)、Y50(50 t/hm~2)、Y75(75 t/hm~2)、Y100(100 t/hm~2) 5个处理,每个处理重复两次,连续施加4年(2015—2018年),对土壤理化性质、水土保持效应以及节水增产效应等指标进行观测,建立基于优化遗传算法的投影模型,对指标进行了综合评价。结果表明:随着生物炭施加量、施加年限的增加,土壤容重呈现降低趋势,土壤p H值、土壤碳氮比则呈现上升趋势,且生物炭的累积施加量越大,这种趋势就越明显。Y25、Y50处理下的田间持水率随着施加年限的增加呈现逐年升高趋势,Y75处理则呈现出先升高、后降低的趋势,Y100处理则呈现逐年下降趋势,其中2018年Y25处理下的田间持水率为37. 33%。径流系数与土壤侵蚀量均与施炭量呈现先降低、后升高的趋势,连续施加两年50 t/hm~2生物炭的径流减少效果与抗侵蚀效果最优。连续施加4年25 t/hm2生物炭的玉米产量在所有处理中最高,为10 350 kg/hm~2。水分利用效率(WUE)的最优处理为2015年的Y50,为32. 85 kg/(mm·hm~2)。通过综合评价模型得出,连续3年施加32. 63 t/hm~2生物炭为东北黑土区最佳生物炭施用模式。该研究结果可为生物炭对黑土区土壤改良提供理论依据。     

基于生物炭添加的控制灌排对水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响

为探究生物炭施加后控制灌排对水稻生长发育及产量的影响,于2016年在涟水县水利试验站开展了测坑试验,共设置轻旱控排W-1、重旱控排W-2两种控制灌排模式及无生物炭施加B-0、生物炭施加B-1两种生物炭施加水平,对水稻生长指标、水稻抗倒伏性能、产量指标进行了监测与分析。结果表明生物炭添加及控制灌排W-2条件下,水稻株高均得到显著提高。施加生物炭可以缩短水稻节间长度、增大茎壁厚度及节间外径,显著提高水稻的抗倒伏能力,但在控制灌排W-2条件下,水稻的倒伏指数升高,累积破坏能量下降,水稻抗倒伏能力呈现下降的趋势。控制灌排与生物炭添加均对水稻穗长和空秕率有显著影响,其中控制灌排的影响更为明显,生物炭添加和控制灌排W-2单因素作用均显著提高了水稻产量,但两者交互作用却对产量影响不显著,相关水炭耦合效果还需进一步试验研究。