冻融循环对黑土容重和孔隙度影响的试验研究

反复的冻融循环会通过改变土壤容重、孔隙度等物理性质而使其侵蚀加剧,该文探讨了土壤容重及孔隙度在冻融循环作用下的变化.试从机理上分析冻融作用对土壤抗蚀性的影响规律.以东北黑土为研究对象,考虑冻融温差和土壤含水率两个影响因素.通过室内冻融试验研究了黑土容重及孔隙度的变化规律.结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增大,土壤的容重和孔隙度分别呈现缓慢减小及增大趋势,且变化幅度越来越小,最后达到基本稳定的状态;冻融温差越大,冻结温度越低,同一含水率土壤的容重变得更低,而孔隙度相对较高,并且两者的变化量最大;在同一冻融温差下,高含水率土壤经过冻融循环后较低含水率土壤容重更低,而孔隙度更高,且数值的变化量最大.     

Detachment of road surface soil by flowing water

An agricultural watershed generally consists of two land use categories, farmland and the unpaved road or path networks with different traffic frequency and size. Road surfaces are quite different from farmland soil in physical properties, resulting in it's distinguish production transportation process. Hydraulic flume experiments were conducted with the flow discharges ranging from 1 to 5 L s^− 1 and the slope gradients ranging from 8.8% to 46.6% to simulate the soil detachment process on a road surface and to develop tools in order to calculate detachment rates occurring on that road surfaces. The results illustrate that road surfaces behave characteristically in the runoff detachment and sediment delivery process due to the difference in the bulk density and functions of agricultural soils. The soil detachment rate is closely related to flow depth, slope gradient and other hydraulic parameters such as shear stress, stream power and unit stream power. Multiple non-linear regression analyses indicate that detachment rates for all roads can be accurately predicted by power functions of flow depth and slope gradient. According to the experimental results, stream power was suggested as an indicator to estimate soil detachment rate instead of shear stress in soil erosion models. However, considering the simplicity and availability, power function of flow depth and slope gradient is also recommended to predict detachment rate on the road surfaces.     

海南岛三大流域农业土壤源污染物流失特征研究

采用径流场结合人工模拟降雨方式,研究了海南岛万泉河、南渡江和昌化江三大流域土壤中氮、磷、有机质等营养物质的流失特征。结果表明,三大流域土壤径流系数和泥沙流失速率的大小顺序为：暴雨〉大雨〉中雨;相同雨强条件下,万泉河的径流系数与南渡江相近,昌化江最小;泥沙流失速率大小顺序为：万泉河〉南渡江〉昌化江;雨强对总磷（TP）流失速率的影响达到极显著水平,磷随径流流失以颗粒磷（PP）为主;氮在雨强较小时以可溶氮（DN）流失为主,当达到暴雨时则以颗粒氮（PN）流失为主;雨强越大,地表径流中COD、TN、DN和PN流失速率越高。三大流域区土壤养分随泥沙流失特征相似,不同雨强条件下,三大流域的总氮、总磷和有机质流失速率的规律一致,雨强越大,流失速率越高;在同一雨强条件下,三流域区总氮、总磷和有机质随泥沙流失速率为：昌化江〉万泉河〉南渡江。影响面源流失的主要因素为坡度、雨强、土质等。     

Sediment production from unpaved roads in a sub-tropical dry setting — Southwestern Puerto Rico

The threat imposed by increased sediment loading rates ranks among the most important stressors affecting coral reef ecosystems worldwide. This study represents an effort to quantify the effects of unpaved roads on erosion rates in a dry sub-tropical area of Puerto Rico and is intended to aid in developing scientifically-based erosion mitigation strategies. Hence, the specific objectives of this study were to: (1) measure sediment production rates from unpaved roads; (2) evaluate the effect of precipitation, rainfall erosivity, slope, plot length, and vegetation cover on sediment production rates; and (3) compare measured sediment production rates to published surface erosion data from roaded and natural sites in the Eastern Caribbean. Sediment production from nine abandoned road segments with varying slopes and plot lengths were measured with sediment traps in southwestern Puerto Rico from August 2003 to September 2005.     

Root tensile strength of three shrub species: Rosa canina, Cotoneaster dammeri and Juniperus horizontalis: Soil reinforcement estimation by laboratory tests

The presence of vegetation increases soil burden stability along slopes and therefore reduces soil erosion. The contribution of the vegetation is due to mechanical (reinforcing soil shear resistance) and hydrologic controls on stream banks and superficial landslides. This study focused on the biotechnical characteristics of the root system of three shrub species: Rosa canina (L.), Cotoneaster dammeri (C.K. Schneid) and Juniperus horizontalis (Moench). The aim of this paper is to increase our understanding on root biomechanical properties of shrubs species and their contribution to soil reinforcement. The considered shrubs grew up in wood containers, exposed to natural conditions in a village near Asti (Northern Italy) for 2 years. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure the ultimate root tensile strength and to estimate the root density distribution with depth (root area ratio), in order to quantify the soil mechanical reinforcement. Root tensile strength measurements were carried out on single root specimens and root area ratio was estimated analyzing the whole root system. The improvement of soil mechanical properties obtained by the presence of shrubs was estimated using two different models. The first model, based on a simple force equilibrium model, considers that the tensile strength of all roots crossing the shear plane is fully mobilized. This classical approach is implemented by the Fiber Bundle Model concept, to account for non-simultaneous root breaking. C. dammeri roots presented the highest tensile strength and soil reinforcement values, while R. canina and J. horizontalis were characterized by lower values. Similarly at each considered depth C. dammeri showed the highest soil reinforcement effect.     

利用风洞实验研究~7Be示踪估算土壤风蚀速率的可行性

以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带沙黄土为研究对象,利用室内风洞模拟实验对7Be示踪估算土壤风蚀速率的可行性进行探讨。由于风蚀过程易带走土壤细颗粒,且7Be在土壤细颗粒中含量较高,所以利用7Be水蚀模型计算的土壤风蚀速率高于实测值。实验中发现样点风蚀后和风蚀前土壤颗粒比表面积之比与样点风蚀后7Be含量之间存在幂函数关系,基于此,提出颗粒校正系数(P)的计算式,并将P引入到7Be水蚀模型对其进行修正。计算分析发现,和实测值相比,利用修正模型计算的土壤风蚀速率误差均不超过5%,这说明经过修正的7Be水蚀模型能较准确地估算土壤风蚀速率,利用7Be示踪技术估算土壤风蚀速率是可行的。研究为进一步利用7Be示踪技术调查黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带土壤风蚀问题奠定了基础。     

不同农垦地下垫面对风蚀起沙风速的影响分析

以新疆塔里木盆地垦区为例,研究不同地表粗糙度下垫面对风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度和起沙风速的影响。根据Shao的方法计算不同下垫面起沙风速,结果表明:塔里木盆地垦区所选的小麦、棉花、红枣这3种地类2m高度临界摩擦速度(u*t)分别为棉花地0.40m/s,红枣地0.43m/s,小麦地1.85m/s;2m高度临界起沙风速(ut)分别为棉花地5.3m/s,红枣地5.7m/s,小麦地7.5m/s,小麦地较其他2种地类更具有抵抗风蚀的作用。     

溶质施放部位对红壤坡面溶质迁移特征的影响

以非吸附性溴离子为示踪剂,采用室内模拟降雨方法研究间歇降雨和施肥部位对红壤坡面产流、产沙以及溴离子迁移特征的影响。结果表明,降雨特征相同条件下,3次降雨的总径流量无明显差异,但第3次降雨形成的产沙量分别是第1次和第2次的7倍和2.2倍,这表明因前期含水量的提高而降低了土壤抗冲性是红壤侵蚀的主要原因之一;径流溴离子浓度随时间变化均呈幂函数衰减,与施肥部位无关;施肥部位越靠近坡底,径流溴离子初始浓度越高且衰减速度越快;溴离子流失数量与施肥距离呈显著正线性关系。通过估算3次间歇降雨径流中溶质流失数量的来源发现,淋溶到坡面土壤中的溴离子再次参与径流流失的数量,其平均比重从81.61%提高到了93.76%,这表明施加在上坡部位的肥料被淋溶后对后期径流养分流失的贡献十分显著。     

青海共和盆地威连滩沙地冲沟风水交互作用研究

选择青海共和盆地威连滩沙地冲沟为研究区,通过野外调查,沉积物样品采集和分析,结合1982年航片和2006年快鸟影像数据,分析研究区地质历史时期风水交互作用的环境变化和沙地冲沟风水交互侵蚀的现代特征。结果表明:全新世初期,研究区由水成沉积环境逐渐过渡到风成沉积环境,并有小的沉积旋回,到了全新世中期,气候变得较温润,风沙活动减弱,风成沙逐渐生草成土,但弱砂质古土壤层较薄,从全新世晚期至今,风沙活动有所增强;冲沟形成后,沙地冲沟发生着风蚀水蚀交互作用。起伏的沟岸和弯曲的谷底发生风积,为流水侵蚀增加了沙物质。风沙流对冲沟的形成有再塑造作用。同时冲沟侵蚀也影响着风沙活动,每年冲沟侵蚀约达8.3×104 t泥沙,是沙丘不断增长的一个重要物源。冲沟的狭长地形,其"狭管效应"加大了风蚀作用,增强了风沙灾害天气。     

70多年来纸坊沟小流域土壤侵蚀演变过程

为了系统研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀演变过程及其规律,以黄土高原纸坊沟流域为例,在GIS的支持下,运用RUSLE估算了该流域1938-2010年间18个年份的年侵蚀量和侵蚀强度,分析了70多年来流域土壤侵蚀时空演变过程.结果表明:1)纸坊沟流域的土壤侵蚀随时间呈四次抛物线变化,侵蚀模数由1938年的7 584.39t/(km2·a)猛增到1958年的4万6 392.56 t/( km2 ·a),随后总体呈递减趋势,到2010年侵蚀模数降至5 150.80t/( km2·a).2)1938年中度以下侵蚀面积占流域总面积的52.99％;1958-1978年以剧烈侵蚀为主,占流域总面积的67.05％,其中1958年高达78.61％;1978-1998年侵蚀强度有所下降,微度侵蚀面积占流域总面积比例达到29.27％;1999年以来,微度侵蚀面积达到3.85 km2,剧烈侵蚀面积仅占流域总面积的8.96％.经过30多年的综合治理,该流域生态环境明显改善,但沟谷陡荒坡侵蚀依然严重,是今后水土流失治理的重点区域.