Vegetation Response to Juniper Reduction and Grazing Exclusion in Sagebrush-Steppe Habitat in Eastern Oregon

Western juniper expansion is one of the largest threats to conserving sagebrush steppe ecosystems in the northwestern United States. Juniper expansion has degraded the sagebrush steppe by altering fire regimes and outcompeting shrubs and herbaceous vegetation for limited resources. We characterized the effect of juniper removal in a severely degraded sagebrush steppe habitat for 3 yr following juniper cutting. In addition, we measured the effect of low-intensity seasonal grazing on plant community recovery through cattle exclusion treatments. We monitored plant community composition (exotic annual grasses, preferred grasses, preferred forbs, and shrubs); fuel loads; and juniper recruitment in a factorial design of juniper removal and grazing exclusion. We found that although there were significant differences between cut and uncut juniper treatments, there were no consistent trends across all 3 yr. Our results suggest that other factors, such as timing of precipitation, may also have strong short-term effects on plant community composition. We detected no significant grazing effects during the study period, suggesting the current grazing regime is appropriate for the area. The cutting of juniper increased total fuel loads and herbaceous fuel loads. Compared with open interspace, a twofold increase in juniper seedlings and saplings was detected beneath juniper piles, which will act as sources for future juniper encroachment.     

棒料高速变节距柔性交接装置设计与优化

针对目前棒料高速柔性交接装置工作可靠性不高,上下游机节距不能根据需要调整,从而限制了下游机速度提高等问题,提出了一种棒料变节距柔性交接装置的工作原理,对棒料交接过程及运动干涉情况进行了分析.为提高棒料柔性交接的可靠性,对装置结构参数进行了多目标优化,改善了棒料轴向制动过程,减小了交接相对速度差和凸轮最大压力角,并通过仿真分析验证了优化设计的合理性.该装置交接定位准确、稳定,轴向制动平缓,变节距技术和装置为设计速度更高的下游机创造了有利条件,具有较高的实用价值.     

不同果实负载下温室黄瓜干物质分配的模拟

黄瓜是中国温室栽培的最主要作物之一,果实负载决定着果实发育和产量,构建不同果实负载下温室黄瓜干物质分配模型对温室黄瓜栽培管理具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。根据温室黄瓜生长对光温需求,以辐热积（TEP）为尺度建立温室黄瓜干物质分配模型,并用与建模试验不同的试验数据进行模型检验。模型对温室黄瓜茎、叶和果实干质量的预测结果与实测值1∶1线回归估计标准误（RMSE）和决定系数（R2）分别为223.08、119.23、316.34 kg/hm2和0.76、0.73、0.75,模型的预测结果与实测值之间的吻合度较好。     

纹杆块与钉齿组合式轴流玉米脱粒滚筒的设计与试验

为解决黄淮海地区玉米直接进行籽粒收获破碎率和未脱净率高的问题,该文在分析现有脱粒滚筒结构特点的基础上,设计了组合式轴流玉米脱粒滚筒,选取滚筒转速、滚筒倾角和凹板间隙为试验因素,在自制的玉米脱粒试验台上进行了单因素试验和正交试验,并运用SAS统计分析软件对试验结果进行了分析。单因素试验结果表明:随着滚筒转速的增大,籽粒破碎率先降低后升高,未脱净率则急剧减小并趋于稳定;随着滚筒倾角的增大,籽粒破碎率和未脱净率则逐渐变小;随着凹板间隙的增大,籽粒破碎率先降低后升高,未脱净率先升高后降低并趋于稳定。正交试验结果表明:影响籽粒破碎率和未脱净率的主次因素顺序均为滚筒转速、滚筒倾角、凹板间隙,且转速430 r/min、滚筒倾角6?和凹板间隙55 mm时籽粒破碎率和未脱净率均最低。该研究可为高含水率玉米脱粒滚筒的设计提供参考。     

SDZ310型超高压多级离心泵的结构特性

针对目前多级离心泵转子轴向力难以平衡以及级间密封长期运行易损坏的问题,通过对SDZ310型超高压多级除磷泵的结构特性进行研究,设计了一种节段式自平衡双壳体多级离心泵.该泵的转子部件上叶轮对称布置,自动平衡转子部件上的轴向力,使其具有较长的寿命和可靠的运行性能.特别解决了除磷泵在除磷工况下运行时,由于频繁变化的工况导致的转子部件的轴向力频繁变化,进而使其难以平衡的难题.通过一种带节流阀式的集中式供油及回油系统,使得该泵能够满足长时间运行时的润滑和冷却的需求.采用由镀铬精密研磨而成的螺旋反抽密封,能够保证该泵在运转过程中级间无泄漏,保证泵的容积效率,进而提高了整机效率.     

吉林省几种常见生物质颗粒燃料的性能

对吉林省几种常见树种颗粒燃料的性能指标进行了测定分析.结果表明,7种颗粒燃料以玉米秸秆颗粒的灰分质量分数最大(11.90%),沙松去皮颗粒的灰分质量分数最低(0.37%);杨木颗粒的去灰分热值最大(20.896kJ/g),其次是椴桦混颗粒(20.885kJ/g),白桦去皮颗粒的去灰分热值大于白桦未去皮颗粒,木质颗粒大于秸秆颗粒.木质颗粒燃料以杂木颗粒燃料的轴向抗压性最强,其轴向载荷值为0.2355kN,其次为沙松去皮颗粒,其轴向载荷值为0.2149kN,白桦未去皮颗粒要强于去皮颗粒;白桦未去皮颗粒燃料的径向抗压性最强,其径向载荷值为0.6402kN,其次为杂木颗粒,其径向载荷值为0.6242kN,白桦未去皮颗粒要强于去皮颗粒.从抗压性角度分析宜选用杂木颗粒.杨木颗粒和杂木颗粒的质量损失率相对于其他4种颗粒较低,分别为0.1316%和0.1438%.椴桦混颗粒燃料的渗水率最大(10.235%),其次为白桦去皮颗粒(10.233%),白桦未去皮颗粒的抗渗水性要强于去皮颗粒.通过不同时间抗渗水性能测试,20h后,6种木质颗粒都呈完全剥落状,但杂木颗粒状态要稍好一些,外型仍呈颗粒状.不同颗粒燃料的去灰分热值、轴向载荷和抗渗水率具有显著差异(t检验,p<0.05).     

灾害风荷载下温室单层柱面网壳整体动力倒塌分析

该文针对大跨轻质单层柱面网壳在灾害强风天气下存在动力倒塌破坏的可能性,利用显式有限元分析软件ANSYS/S-DYNA及自编前后处理程序,综合考虑了几何非线性、材料非线性和接触非线性,建立了灾害风荷载下温室单层柱面网壳结构整体动力倒塌的数值分析模型,考察了单层柱面网壳的动力倒塌发展全过程。以节点位移和变形形态等几何特征响应对网壳结构进行了动力倒塌过程分析,将网壳结构倒塌过程依据其特性划分为轻度损伤阶段,倒塌形成阶段和整体倒塌阶段3个阶段;同时以杆件内力和截面塑性发展等力学特征响应对网壳结构进行了动力倒塌机理研究,指出网壳结构的风致动力倒塌原因是风压区压杆反复屈曲和拉杆依次失效相互作用的综合体现。对比分析考虑下部支承与不考虑下部支承单层柱面网壳的动力倒塌过程,结果表明,考虑下部支承柱时网壳结构动力倒塌对应的临界荷载系数发生了25%的明显降幅。该研究为温室网壳结构的抗风设计、工程应用和防灾评估提供了理论参考。     

Method of Cable Tension Controlling in the Long span Cable stayed Bridge Construction

In allusion to the cable tension controlling problem in the parallel strand stayed cable construction, on the basis of construction techniques of applying tension loads one by one, the mechanical model of the cable girder tower in the process of construction was established. With the equal cable tension as a goal, the formula was deduced with the method of forward analysis, which could be used to calculate the initial tension of each strand in construction. The effect of temperature variations on the initial tension could be eliminated by using the formula with the method of equivalent tension. Moreover, a method was proposed to measure the cable tension in the processes of construction and performing the function. Finally, the practice in one cable stayed bridge in the north indicated that 1) the uniform cable tension could be obtained by the proposed method; 2) the tension error range of whether a single strand or the whole stayed cable was within 5%, and the result could meet the needs in construction control; 3) the method could provide reference for the similar stayed cable construction.     

Axisymmetrical deformation of prestressed circularmembrane under uniformly distributed loads

With establishing the fundamental equation of prestressed circular membrane under Fppl von Kármán membrane theory, Hencky transform is extended and the general solution of axisymmetrical deformation of prestressed circular membrane under uniformly distributed loads is obtained. The central deflection, the radial and circumferential stresses of the membrane are given in the form of power series. And it is found that the solution approaches to the results from Hencky theory when the prestressing is far less than the loads; and the solution approaches to the results based on linear theory when the prestressing is far greater than the loads.     

中压配电网网架优化规划方法

为了提高中压电力网的规划水平,该文以最短路径和最小负荷矩法为基础,考虑物理约束、道路、支路电流和节点电压等约束条件,提出了确定主干线、连接负荷点方法和自动搜索交叉点（中间节点）以及选择导线截面的方法,给出了线路拉手前后节点和支路编号的方法,并且可以自动搜索相邻线路的联结点,实现相邻线路的手拉手连接,最终实现相邻2条自线路的自动布线。并且以农网的实际数据为例,进行计算、分析和比较,结果表明,该文提出的方法可以自动形成网架,确定网络中各支路的型号,保证相邻2条线路在拉手前后的支路电流、有功功率损耗率和节点电压均满足约束条件,是一种有效的网架优化规划方法,可以为配电网网架的规划提供必要的数据和技术支持。