倾斜荷载下桥梁桩基的计算与试验研究

在“ｍ”法或“ｃ”法基础上,给出了桥梁桩基在倾斜荷载作用下的内力及位移分析解,该解答计算简单,使用方便,可充分利用现有“ｍ”法或“ｃ”法的计算公式及参数图表。室内铝管模型桩试验及国外已有试验资料均表明,理论计算与实测值吻合良好。     

管道轴向裂纹面内压作用下的J积分计算

在管道的制造、安装和运行期间,不可避免地会产生类似于裂纹的缺陷,轴向理解纹是最常见的裂纹。确定含轴中裂纹管道在各种应力状态下的应力强度因子和Ｊ积分,是评价管道完整性和使用寿命的重要组成部分。根据Ｋａｒｌｓｏｎ和Ｂａｃｋｌｕｎｄ推导的考虑裂纹承载的修正Ｊ积分的表达式,结合帕里斯公式和权函数方法,论述了管道轴向理解纹面在内压作用下的Ｊ积分计算方法,并与其它计算方法进行了比较。     

Modeling the impact of alternative drainage practices in the northern Corn-belt with DRAINMOD-NII

The hydrologic and water quality impacts of subsurface drainage design and management practices are being investigated through field and simulation studies throughout the northern Corn-belt. Six years of data from an ongoing field study in south central Minnesota (Sands et al., 2008) were used to support a modeling effort with DRAINMOD-NII to investigate: (1) the performance of the model in a region where soils are subject to seasonal freeze-thaw and (2) the long-term hydrologic and water quality characteristics of conventional and alternative subsurface drainage practices. Post-calibration model prediction and efficiency were deemed satisfactory using standard model performance criteria. Prediction errors were primarily associated with early spring snowmelt hydrology and were attributed to the methods used for simulating snow accumulation and melting processes, in addition to potential sublimation effects on ET estimates. Long-term simulations with DRAINMOD-NII indicated that drainage design and/or management practices proposed as alternatives to conventional design may offer opportunities to reduce nitrate (NO₃)-nitrogen losses without significantly decreasing (and in some cases, increasing) crop yields for a Webster silty clay loam soil at Waseca, Minnesota. The simulation study indicated that both shallow drainage and controlled drainage may reduce annual drainage discharge and NO₃-nitrogen losses by 20-30%, while impacting crop yields from −3% (yield decrease) to 2%, depending on lateral drain spacing. The practice of increasing drainage intensity (decreasing drain spacing) beyond recommended values appears to not significantly affect crop yield but may substantially increase drainage discharge and nitrate-nitrogen losses to surface waters.     

屏蔽泵轴向力平衡新方法

屏蔽泵的轴向力平衡成为影响屏蔽泵使用寿命和效率的关键因素。由于传统平衡方法难以完全解决屏蔽泵轴向力平衡问题,因此,采用新的轴向力平衡结构及方法显得十分必要。该文通过对屏蔽泵轴向力的特点分析与计算,采用校核计算的方法设计一个副叶轮,由副叶轮带动冷却液在冷却回路中循环流动,并产生一个与主叶轮产生的轴向力及转子重力等合力大小相等,方向相反的轴向力,从而消除轴向力。通过轴向力平衡计算和试验测量,屏蔽泵残余轴向力较小,满足规定要求,计算结果与试验测量结果基本一致。应用实例表明,屏蔽泵轴向力平衡新方法可靠,计算过程正确,能基本消除残余的轴向力,使轴承的负荷减小,延长轴承使用寿命,实现了屏蔽泵的安全可靠运行,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

Aerobic muscle function during steady swimming in fish

Axial swimming in fish varies across a range of body forms and swimming modes. Swimming by eels, tunas, mackerels, scup, rainbow trout and bass span this range from high curvature anguilliform swimmers to rigid body thunniform swimmers. Recent work on these and other species has elucidated an impressive array of solutions to the problem of how to use the red (aerobic, slow‐twitch) muscle to power steady or sustained swimming. This review will use a comparative approach to understand the generalities of aerobic muscle function during steady swimming in fish and determine possible rules for the relationships between muscle contractile kinetics, in vivo muscle activity and power output during swimming. Beyond an exploration of the diversity in muscle activity and swimming kinematics, I suggest that analysis of the molecular basis for longitudinal variations in muscle function is needed to complement morphological and physiological research on fish muscle. This will permit both a general understanding of the integrative function of the fish myotome and, perhaps, predictive tools for muscle activity and swimming performance in fish.     

纵轴流风筛式清选装置性能纵向分布规律的研究

利用自行研制的纵轴流风筛式清选装置试验台,对不同离心风机转速、不同离心风机出口倾角和不同曲柄转速影响下的筛下物和含杂率沿筛子纵向分布规律进行了试验研究,得到筛下物总质量、籽粒质量、杂余质量和含杂率沿筛子纵向的分布规律,对于指导生产具有重要意义。     

微型离心泵诱导轮与叶轮轴向距离匹配特性

诱导轮与叶轮匹配不合理,是影响微型离心泵运行稳定性的原因之一。为了研究诱导轮与叶轮之间的轴向距离（简称为轴向距离）的匹配对离心泵性能的影响,该文以一台前置诱导轮离心泵为研究对象,采用数值方法定量分析了不同轴向距离对离心泵能量特性、汽蚀特性和压力脉动特性的影响。选取5种轴向距离,分别为0.1S,0.5S,1.0S、1.5S和2.0S（S为诱导轮轴向长度与叶栅稠密度的比值）,对离心泵进行三维流场数值预测。结果表明,轴向距离增加后,扬程和效率均有所增加,汽蚀余量降低,但叶轮内压力脉动幅值升高。其中,在额定工况下,当轴向距离增大至1.0S时,扬程提高了0.61 m,效率提高了5.8%,临界汽蚀余量降低了0.4 m;轴向距离继续增大后,各项性能变化不大。综合分析认为,轴向距离为1.0S时,诱导轮与叶轮的匹配性能最佳,有利于离心泵稳定运行。研究结果可为微型离心泵诱导轮与叶轮的匹配设计提供参考。     

尾水管深度对轴流定桨式水轮机性能的影响

尾水管深度对水轮机的效率及稳定性都有重要影响。为解决某电站水轮机效率及出力不足的问题,采用数值模拟的方法,分析了尾水管深度变化对水轮机性能的影响。通过几个不同尾水管加深方案的比较分析,得出尾水管深度在一定范围内增加能有效提高尾水管回能系数,降低扩散损失。但由于沿程摩擦损失会随深度增加而增大,因而综合考虑损失、效率及经济性因素,最终选定尾水管深度为3.0D1的尾水管深度方案。同时,为保证水轮机的运行稳定性,也比较了该方案对流场稳定性的影响,分析了湍动能及脉动的变化。结果表明尾水管与转轮内流场存在相互作用,直锥段加高后不但会降低直锥段出口的湍动能,也会减轻转轮出口的湍动能。即尾水管内流动的改善也会降低转轮出口附近流场的紊乱程度,显著降低了转轮所受到的径向力及压力脉动峰峰值,提升了转轮内流场的稳定性。此外尾水管深度改变方案对转轮空化性能的影响不大,转轮叶片背面的最低压力范围基本没有变化。     

双端曲面齿轮式柱塞泵运动特性分析与实验

为解决斜盘式柱塞泵摩擦副的磨损问题,提出了一种新型轴向柱塞泵,用双端曲面齿轮代替了斜盘,用齿轮副代替了摩擦副。利用端曲面齿轮副传动原理建立了单柱塞、六柱塞双端曲面齿轮式柱塞泵的运动特性数学模型,得出了柱塞运动规律。通过ADAMS虚拟样机建立了柱塞泵运动特性仿真模型,验证了新型柱塞泵柱塞运动的可行性。利用LH-050型激光位移传感器对柱塞泵运动特性测试实验台进行了相关测试,通过实验测试结果和理论值对比发现:实验数据与理论计算值吻合较好,误差控制在5%以内,证明了柱塞泵运动特性理论模型的正确性。     

螺旋离心泵轴向力的数值计算与分析

针对螺旋离心泵轴向力求解时,数学模型建立和方程难以封闭等问题,为了实现螺旋离心泵轴向力的定量求解,研究其轴向力受介质的影响和随介质的变化规律,以150×100LN-32型螺旋离心泵为研究对象,选用清水和两相流含沙水作为介质,应用计算流体力学软件Fluent,建立相对坐标系下的时均连续方程及Navier-Stocks方程,并采用标准k-ε方程湍流模型和SIM-PLE算法进行数值模拟,得到螺旋离心泵内流场的压力分布后计算出轴向力,从而避开了单纯数学上定量求解螺旋离心泵轴向力的许多难题.在此前提下,通过研究在固液两相流介质中,颗粒体积分数、颗粒直径及不同的流量对轴向力的影响和变化规律,结果表明：螺旋离心泵的轴向力随两相流介质体积分数的增大而增大;随流量和颗粒粒径的增大反而减小.该结论对于提高螺旋离心泵的稳定性和延长其使用寿命具有重要意义.