轴伸贯流泵多工况下的压力脉动特性

为了研究轴伸贯流泵在不同流量工况下的压力脉动特性,应用计算流体动力学软件对泵内流场进行数值计算,揭示不同流量工况下泵内压力脉动的变化规律,并利用真机进行压力脉动测试以验证数值计算方法的可靠性.结果表明:机组各监测面的压力脉动都具有一定的周期性,转轮处波峰和波谷与转轮叶片数相关,压力脉动主频为叶频;前导叶进口截面压力脉动...     

Nutrient losses through prescribed burning of aboveground litter and understorey in dry dipterocarp forests of different fire history

Anthropogenic burning in dry dipterocarp forests has become a common practice throughout Thailand. It is feared, that too frequent fires may result in a loss of soil fertility and thus ecosystem productivity. The aim of this study was to quantify aboveground nutrient pools in fine fuels and nutrient losses during prescribed fires applied to plots of different fire frequency histories in the Huay Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Fire frequency was determined from satellite images and ranged from frequent, infrequent, rare and unburned with fire occurrences of 7, 2, 1 and 0 out of the past 10 years, respectively. Element losses were calculated as the difference between nutrient pools in the fuel before burning and the post-burning residues comprising ash, charcoal, and unburned matter, which were recovered quantitatively using aluminium trays. The percent nutrient loss was highest at sites that had undergone frequent burning in the past and was lowest at infrequently burned sites. When viewed over a ten-year period, nutrient losses from a fire regime with one fire per decade had much lower losses than the more frequent fire occurrences. Frequent fires in these forests promoted a grassy understorey, and there appeared to be a positive feedback of fire frequency on nutrient losses, because the fine fuel consumption through fire was higher in the grassy understorey than in previously less frequently burned understoreys. A comparison between estimates of ecosystem nutrient inputs and fire-related losses of N, P, Ca, and K associated with burning regimes representing 7, 3, and 1 fire per decade showed that the frequent recurrence of fire will lead to a long-term depletion of P, Ca, and K, and probably also N. Owing to the relatively low fine fuel accumulation following fire, which reached a maximum of ca. 12 t ha^− 1 after ca. 10 years, prescribed fires can be carried out at longer intervals such as once per decade in a safe manner to conserve nutrients on site.     

基于奇点分布法的轴流泵叶片翼型设计与计算

为将奇点分布法这一有优势的流体机械叶片翼型设计方法应用于轴流泵叶轮叶片设计,以平面势流理论及数值计算为基础,推导了基于适合轴流泵叶片翼型边界条件的漩涡密度函数的系统应用性计算公式,所获结果将准确确定各翼型骨线关键节点位置,它们形成的翼型骨线在满足给定设计点泵的性能参数的同时,还能形成要求的流动奇点与驻点,由此产生流动损失最小的叶片翼型。以该方法改型设计的一台轴流泵的型式试验表明,设计泵在设计点的效率由原来的78%提升到85%,特性曲线符合要求。该研究深化了轴流泵叶轮叶栅流动理论,将奇点分布理论转化为轴流泵叶轮翼型的实用设计方法,为设计技术人员提供了开发新产品的工具。     

用预测-校正法计算热油管道的轴向温降

针对长输埋地热油管道轴向温降计算误差大的问题,在充分考虑影响热油管道轴向温降各种因素的基础上,研究了油品物性(密度、比热容、粘度)和总传热系数与温度变化的关系,建立了热油管道稳定运行时轴向温降的数学模型,并采用预测-校正法求解数学模型.该模型较适用于有进出油点的管道,与常规的计算方法比较,该模型更接近实测值,精度较高.     

A形排架杆件内力简化计算法

提出了一种计算A形排架杆件轴力的通用公式，应用此公式可避免求解各结点的静力平衡方程组，直接计算任意杆件的轴力．     

Chemical composition of wood and its connection with wood anatomy in Betula pubescens

ABSTRACT

The connection between chemical composition and anatomy of wood is poorly studied. Abiotic and biotic growth conditions affect the synthesis of structural compounds and the anatomy of wood at the same time as they affect growth. In this study, the wood chemical composition, and connections between wood chemistry and anatomy were studied in downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) grown on four growth sites possessing mineral and peat soils. Lignin, holocellulose, extractive and ash contents, and effective heating value were analysed and compared with libriform fibre double wall thickness and lumen diameter, vessel size and number, and ray and axial parenchyma numbers. Measured lignin and extractive contents were exceptionally high and holocellulose content low. Correlations between wood anatomy and effective heating value were partly different on different soils. Correlations between holocellulose and anatomy were the opposite of the correlations between other chemical compounds and anatomy. The significant correlations between chemical composition and anatomy were commonly opposite in trees grown on peat than in trees grown on mineral soil. Particularly, vessel characteristics and fibre wall thickness correlated significantly with wood chemistry in trees grown on mineral soil. The connections between wood anatomy and chemistry proved to be soil-dependent.     

Experiments on heat loss characteristics in a fully opened cylindrical cavity receiver

The climate has a great impact on highway bridge rubber bearings than on building rubber bearings. In order to study the change of the mechanical properties during the life of the plain chloroprene rubber bearings of highway bridge under freeze-thaw cycle condition, the plain chloroprene rubber bearings were processed 25, 50, 75, 100 times by freeze-thaw cycle in the standard freeze-thaw chamber, then the axial compression tests were carried. The changes of the performance indicators in the bearing capacity , the ultimate compressive strength, vertical stiffness, elastic modulus under different freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed comparatively. The results show that the plain chloroprene rubber bearings are more prone to brittle failure after the freeze-thaw cycle, and the failure phenomena of steel plate exposing or cracks is more serious than the phenomena of the standard specimen. With the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycle, the ultimate bearing capacity, ultimate compressive strength and compressive elastic modulus of the plain chloroprene rubber bearings decrease. The attenuation formula and decay curve in 50 years of ultimate compressive strength and elastic modulus of compression are analyzed by least square method, the trends of change are both in line with the exponential function. The mechanical properties of plain chloroprene rubber bearings of highway bridge significantly decreased under freeze-thaw cycle condition. therefore, the temperature ranges of plain chloroprene rubber bearings of highway bridge should be strictly controlled, and some suggestions, such as increasing its minimum applicable temperature, usng the natural rubber bearings as much as possible in cold regions, have been given.     

屏蔽泵冷却循环回路的热流耦合

为了研究屏蔽泵冷却循环回路与泵内部温升关系,模拟计算了屏蔽电动机内部温度场与压力场的分布以及冷却循环回路中的温升,分析了冷却液与电动机定转子之间的对流换热信息.以冲压成型屏蔽泵实型样机为研究对象,利用工程仿真软件CFD,对屏蔽泵叶轮前后腔体、冷却循环回路等全流场进行热流耦合数值分析.结果表明:屏蔽套间隙内的温升在不同流量工况下温度变化较小,最大温差为0.97 ℃;额定流量工况下,轴孔径的大小对屏蔽电动机的温升影响较小.随着轴孔径的逐渐增大,电动机内的最大温度逐渐减小;在额定流量工况下,由屏蔽泵数值与理论计算两种情况的循环流量与轴孔径的关系可以得出:数值计算与理论计算两者的结果基本一致,研究结果为屏蔽泵冷却循环回路的设计提供理论依据.     

光滑双向渐进结构优化法拓扑优化连续体结构频率和动刚度

针对双向渐进结构优化(bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization, BESO)方法的单元过删除问题,提出了光滑双向渐进结构优化(smooth bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization, SBESO)方法,通过引入权重函数更新单元的质量与刚度矩阵,控制单元删除率以使低效单元逐渐从设计域中删除。以连续体结构固有频率最大化为目标,提出了一种基于SBESO的频率优化方法,对比分析了常函数、线性函数和正弦函数等不同权重函数对连续体结构优化的影响。将等效静载荷(equivalentstatic loads,ESL)方法与SBESO方法相融合,提出了动载荷作用下连续体结构的动刚度优化方法。数值算例表明,SBESO方法通过调节单元删除率和权重函数,控制低效单元在结构设计域中逐渐被删除,有效抑制了单元的过删除问题。采用线性和正弦权重函数,更有利于获得连续体结构的频率最优拓扑解。随单元删除率的减少,动刚度最优拓扑解的结构边界逐渐光滑,而且逼近于同一构形。由此,所提出的SBESO方法完善了BESO方法的优化准则,对于解决连续体结构动力学优化设计问题具有较为重要的理论意义。     

解台泵站轴流泵模型研究

根据流动解析方法确定了南水北调东线工程解台泵站轴流泵模型的主要参数。试验研究表明：该模型过流量大,效率高,高效范围广,抗汽蚀性能好,在＋４°角最优工况下的流量达０．４１５ｍ^３／ｓ,－２°角最优工况下的效率达８６．３１％,可以在解台泵站及具有类似参数的其它泵站推广应用。