土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量空间变异特征及其影响因子

利用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,探讨了双流县土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量空间变异特征及其影响因子。结果表明:1) 土壤速效氮和速效钾含量具有强烈的空间相关性,相关距离分别达38754 m和56187 m,结构性因子是影响其空间变异的主要因子;土壤速效磷含量具有中等空间相关性,相关距离为24210 m,其空间变异受结构性因子和随机性因子共同影响。2) 土壤速效氮含量主要由北向南逐渐降低;速效磷含量主要在东北向西南及东南向西北方向上逐渐降低,而速效钾含量主要由东南向西北逐渐降低。3) 土壤速效氮含量在不同土壤类型及地形地貌间呈极显著差异;土壤速效磷含量在不同成土母质及地形地貌间呈显著或极显著差异;土壤速效钾含量在不同成土母质间呈极显著差异。土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量高值区单位面积化肥施用量明显高于低值区。     

广元植烟土壤有效态微量元素的空间变异特征及影响因素

为揭示广元植烟区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异特征及影响因素,采用地统计学、相关分析及回归分析等研究方法,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术对研究区土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌钼及硼等6种土壤有效态微量元素进行分析。结果表明,研究区土壤有效铁、锰及铜含量丰富,总体处于中等以上水平;有效钼含量适中;有效锌和硼缺乏,总体处于缺乏或极度缺乏水平。半方差分析表明,6种土壤有效态微量元素块金系数均在29.72%~67.59%之间,具有中等强度的空间自相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。空间分布上,土壤有效铁、锰、铜及钼含量表现出北高南低的空间分布趋势,土壤有效锌和硼含量呈现出西高东低的空间分布格局。影响因素分析表明,6种土壤有效态微量元素与土壤有机质呈正相关,与p H值呈负相关,相关性总体高于地形因子。土壤有机质对有效铁、铜、锌及硼有极显著影响,其空间变异性为5.5%~27.2%。除有效锌外,土壤p H值对其余5种土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异均有极显著影响,其空间变异性为5.0%~30.4%。土类对土壤有效铁、锰及铜有极显著影响,其空间变异性8.4%~12.3%。熟制和种植制度对6种土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异的影响较弱,进一步说明研究区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响,但结构性因素的作用强于随机性因素。本研究结果为广元植烟区土壤微肥施肥管理及优质烤烟栽培提供了可靠的参考依据。     

不同林龄柠条锦鸡儿土壤有效磷的变化

研究柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana Microphylla Lam.)林地不同土层深度土壤有效磷的变化规律,为进一步深入研究北方农牧交错带土壤性质及地区植被建设提供依据。笔者通过野外调查和数据处理,对赤峰市敖汉旗风沙土区不同林龄(5、11、17、23、29年)柠条锦鸡儿不同土层的土壤有效磷进行了分析。研究表明:相同林龄不同立地条件的土壤有效磷含量随土层厚度的增加呈现减小的趋势;相同林龄不同立地条件的土壤有效磷含量大小表现为丘间低地阴坡阳坡;相同立地条件不同林龄的土壤有效磷含量随林龄的增加而增加。柠条锦鸡儿的种植有利于土壤性质向良性方向发展。     

施用沼肥对保护地蔬菜栽培土壤理化性质的影响

本文以等有机质含量的猪粪、沼渣为基肥，追肥（化肥与沼液）以等N、等P、等K进行施用，采用二裂式区组设计的方法，研究了沼肥、猪粪、化肥等不同施肥组合对保护地土壤pH值及土壤速效养分含量的影响。结果表明：番茄收获期，各处理土壤pH有下降的趋势，但没有酸化现象发生；施用沼渣在防止土壤pH值下降方面有较好的作用；施用沼渣、沼液在提高土壤有机质含量方面的效果分别优于施用猪粪、化肥，沼渣与沼液配合施用在提高土壤有机质及碱解N含量方面效果显著，猪粪与化肥配合施用有利于提高土壤速效P和速效K的含量。     

椰糠基质有效氮近红外检测仪设计与试验

为了实现椰糠基质有效氮含量的快速实时检测,基于漫反射光谱设计了椰糠基质有效氮近红外检测仪。该检测仪的硬件系统主要由前处理装置、气力输送装置、重力式沉降样品室、近红外光谱检测装置、样品回收装置和空气压缩机等组成。制备了不同有效氮含量的椰糠基质样本135个,采用研制的检测仪获取了样本原始光谱数据,并建立了椰糠基质有效氮含量的最优偏最小二乘回归预测模型,其校正集相关系数和验证集相关系数分别为0.973和0.965,校正集均方根误差和验证集均方根误差分别为14.025 mg/(100 g)和15.757 mg/(100 g),残差预测偏差为3.72。基于MFC开发工具,采用C/C++语言开发了检测仪硬件控制及实时检测分析软件界面,将建立的最优有效氮光谱预测模型移植到软件程序中,实现了椰糠基质有效氮近红外检测仪功能硬件控制及有效氮检测的一键式操作。试验验证结果表明,所研制仪器预测值与国标测量值相关系数为0.883,测试集均方根误差为18.605 mg/(100 g)。该检测仪实现了椰糠基质有效氮含量的快速实时检测,并且预测性能较好,可以满足快速评价椰糠基质养分的实际需求。     

甘蔗叶不同还田方式对土壤养分的影响

为减轻秸秆焚烧所带来的环境问题和充分利用甘蔗叶资源,在大田环境下动态监测甘蔗叶粉碎、焚烧和深埋3种还田方式对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:甘蔗叶粉碎还田和深埋还田有利于甘蔗叶中有机碳及氮、磷、钾养分的缓慢释放;甘蔗叶焚烧还田提高了土壤碱解氮含量5.6~20.9 mg/kg和速效磷含量0.8~4.0 mg/kg,促进土壤中氮磷向有效态转化,焚烧还田初期显著增加了土壤速效钾的含量12.3~18.3 mg/kg,但焚烧会损失部分甘蔗叶中碳氮元素,也造成环境污染。综合分析认为甘蔗叶粉碎还田是比较省工、方便的处理方式。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

•

Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Fresh tomatoes

°

From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

电解与紫外协同去除工厂化养殖循环水中氨氮效果研究

为探究电化学氧化法在工厂化循环水养殖系统中处理水质的效果及影响因素,在前期试验得到最佳条件(温度25℃、电流密度40 A/m2、水流速度300 m L/min)下,以不同初始氨氮质量浓度和固体悬浮颗粒物的模拟养殖水以及实际养殖水为研究对象,探讨了加入低压紫外汞灯后电解与紫外协同去除氨氮的效果。结果表明:电解紫外协同处理氨氮效果明显优于单独电解法,运用本系统处理氨氮初始质量浓度分别为4、7、10 mg/L的模拟养殖水时,氨氮去除效率相对于单独电解时分别提高45.0%(p0.05)、36.0%(p0.05)和20.0%(p0.05);电解紫外协同去除氨氮效率受氨氮初始质量浓度、水体中的固体颗粒悬浮物、实际养殖水等因素影响,随着氨氮初始质量浓度及水体中固体悬浮颗粒物的升高,氨氮的去除效率降低,达到同种去除效率所需的时间延长,当处理固体悬浮颗粒(SS)分别为100、150、200 mg/L的模拟养殖水时,氨氮的去除效率随着SS的升高而降低,相对于仅含氨氮的模拟养殖水,氨氮的去除效率分别降低51.7%(p0.05)、65.5%(p0.05)和72.4%(p0.05);在处理实际养殖水时,氨氮的去除速率明显降低,去除完全所需的时间延长,在本系统中电解紫外对氨氮、亚硝氮、固体悬浮颗粒物的去除具有较好效果,去除率分别为97.8%、96.9%和92.1%。     

营养型土壤改良剂对酸性土壤中钾的调节及玉米吸钾量的影响

营养型土壤改良剂(以下简称改良剂)施入三种不同肥力水平的土壤进行恒温培养试验和盆栽试验,测定土壤有效钾的含量、盆栽试验玉米的生物量和钾吸收量。结果表明:对于有效钾含量高的土壤,改良剂能促进钾的缓效化,有利于土壤钾的保蓄,防止土壤钾的淋失;对于有效钾含量较低的土壤,改良剂可以活化土壤中的钾,提高土壤钾的有效性;不同肥力水平的土壤,改良剂都能促进玉米对钾的吸收,有利于提高钾肥的吸收利用效率。     

土壤速效钾养分含量空间插值方法比较研究

土壤养分连续空间分布数据是土壤信息系统工作的基础，土壤养分空间插值的研究因此变得尤为重要。对陕西省周至县北部猕猴桃适生区土壤进行采样，以对猕猴桃生长作用较为密切的土壤速效钾含量为研究对象，用普通克里格（OK）、样条函数（Spline）、趋势面拟合（TSA）、距离权重反比法（IDW）等常用插值方法对采样点进行插值获取土壤速效钾空间分布图，进行交叉验证，结果表明能够反映出结构性影响的克里格插值方法明显优于其它方法，其中又以球形模型为最佳，样条函数、距离权重反比法在采样点密集区也能内插出较好的效果，但其受采样点密度影响较大．在采样点稀疏的地区内插结果较差。