施钾对茶园土壤钾素及平衡的影响

盆栽选取四川、重庆典型的砂岩黄壤、灰岩黄壤、酸性紫色土为供试土壤,田间选取在砂岩黄壤上生长了25年的茶园,连续5年研究了施用钾肥(硫酸钾)对茶园土壤钾库及钾素平衡的影响。结果表明:施用钾肥能显著提高土壤钾库的各类钾素,但其绝对含量都呈逐年下降的趋势。土壤中各类钾素的变化因土壤类型而异,土壤各类钾素的增量均为灰岩黄壤砂岩黄壤酸性紫色土。不施钾肥(CK)的盆栽茶树、田间茶树分别每年从土壤取走钾素0.10.g/kg。盆栽三种土壤的钾素年平均流失量分则别为0.18.g/kg(灰岩黄壤)、0.09.g/kg(砂岩黄壤)、0.07g/kg(酸性紫色土),可见种植茶树施用K肥很有必要。     

潋水河流域生态修复过程中土壤速效钾的时空变异

采用基于GIS普通克里格法和概率克里格法分析江西潋水河流域土壤速效钾含量的时空变异特征。结果表明,潋水河流域样点间表层(0～30cm)土壤速效钾平均含量由1981年的(134 8±89 7)mg/kg降低到2002年的(131 9±97 6)mg/kg,平均降低了2 15%。尽管经过近21年的生态修复,样点间土壤速效钾平均含量总体上下降不多,但因土地利用和水土流失修复工程实施的差异,占流域面积60 63%的土壤速效钾含量减少,仅占39 37%的土壤速效钾含量增加。土壤速效钾含量分级统计表明,1981年速效钾含量水平在50～100mg/kg,100～150mg/kg,150～200mg/kg和>200mg/kg的土壤分别占流域面积的10 35%,75 31%,11 78%和2 56%,而2002年则相应为30 75%,49 31%,16 60%和3 31%。该流域土壤速效钾在≤100mg/kg,≤120mg/kg和>150mg/kg含量水平下的几何平均概率分别由1981年的0 453,0 566和0 327变为2002年的0 523,0 611和0 292。从贮量变化上看,21年间潋水河流域内表层土壤速效钾贮量从1981年的2 48×104t变为2002年的2 30×104t,下降了1875 35t。     

豫东沙区冬小麦套作花生轮作制度中磷肥分配施用效果的研究

在豫东沙区进行冬小麦套作花生轮作制度中磷肥分配施用效果试验。结果表明:冬小麦套作花生生长周期中土壤速效磷的变化规律为“冬低夏高”,最低值出现在冬小麦出苗至起身期,最高值出现在花生苗期至结荚期,施用磷肥不改变这一规律;施用磷肥具有明显的以磷增氮效应,冬小麦和花生的氮素吸收利用率分别增加7%~20%和12%~24%;在冬小麦套作花生轮作周期中磷肥分配应掌握“重冬轻夏”的原则,但在土壤速效磷含量较低、磷肥相对不足情况下,一次大量集中施用应慎重。     

Dynamic relationships between soil properties and foliar disease as affected by annual additions of organic amendment to a sandy-soil vegetable production system

Additions of organic amendments to agricultural soils can lead to improved soil quality and reduced severity of crop diseases. However, the relationship between disease severity and soil properties as affected by repeated additions of these amendments is poorly understood. The primary objectives of this study were to (i) resolve multivariate relationships between soil properties and foliar disease severity and (ii) identify soil properties that contribute to disease severity in an intensive irrigated vegetable production system receiving annual additions of fresh and composted paper mill residuals (PMR). Foliar diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on snap bean (bacterial brown spot) and P. s. pv. lachrymans on cucumber (angular leaf spot) are the focus of this report. The experiment consisted of a 3-year crop rotation of potato (1998 and 2001), snap bean (1999 and 2002), and cucumber (2000). Treatments included a non-amended fertilizer control and two rates of fresh PMR, PMR composted alone (PMRC), and PMR composted with bark (PMRB). Soil measures included total soil carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN), particulate organic matter carbon (POMC) and nitrogen (POMN), volumetric soil moisture (VM) and in situ NO₃-N. Multiple regression (MR) and principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted to identify key soil properties that influenced the amount of disease. On average, the amount of TC in plots amended with PMR composts increased 77-178% from 1999 to 2002 compared to the non-amended soils. In 1999, a year in which compost additions reduced the amount of bacterial brown spot of bean, TC explained 42% of the total variation in disease severity in the best MR model. Midseason TN alone was inversely related to angular leaf spot incidence in 2000, while POMN explained 51% of the variation in the best MR model for that year. In 2002, a year in which PMRC-amended soils exacerbated brown spot symptoms, midseason quantities of TN explained 80% of the variation in disease severity. Unique to 2002, NO₃-N alone positively correlated with disease severity. Overall, the influence of soil carbon on disease severity was displaced by the increasing importance of TN and NO₃-N, indicating a transition from a C-dependent to an N-dependent system.     

Modelling the variability of UK sugar beet yields under climate change and husbandry adaptations

In the future, UK summers are likely to be warmer and drier. Modelling differential water redistribution and uptake, we assessed the impact of future drier climates on sugar beet yields. Weather was generated for 1961–1990 (BASE) and predictions based on low‐ and high‐emission scenarios (LO, HI) described in the most recent global climate simulations by the Hadley Centre, UK. Distributions and variability of relative soil moisture deficit (rSMD) and yield gap (drought‐related yield loss, YG_dr = 1?actual yield/potential yield), and sugar yield were calculated for different time‐lines using regional weather, soil texture and management inputs. The rSMD is estimated to exceed the senescence threshold with a probability of 75% (2050sLO) to 95% (2080sHI) compared with 65% (BASE). The potential yield loss, YG_dr, is likely to increase from 17% (BASE) to 22% (2050sLO) to 35% (2080sHI). However, increasing potential growth rates (CO₂ × temperature) cause average sugar yields to rise by between 1.4 and 2 t ha^?1 (2050sLO and 2050sHI respectively). Yield variation (CV%) may increase from 15–18% (BASE) to 18–23% (2050s) and 19–25% (2080s). Differences are small between regions but large within regions because of soil variability. In future, sugar yields on sands (8 t ha^?1) are likely to increase by little (0.5–1.5 t ha^?1), but on loams yields are likely to increase from 11 to 13 t ha^?1 (2050sHI) and 15 t ha^?1 (2080sHI). Earlier sowing and later harvest are potential tools to compensate for drought‐related losses on sandy soils.     

锌硅肥对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响

增施锌硅肥对小麦有显著的减少小穗退化、降低空秕率作用,达到增加每穗粒数、提高产量的目的。过量增施锌硅肥对强筋小麦蛋白质、湿面筋、赖氨酸等营养品质有一定负效应,不利于强筋小麦营养品质的提高。生产上以施用腐殖酸锌硅肥37.5kg／hm2为宜。     

Long-term effects of lantana residue additions on water retention and transmission properties of a medium-textured soil under rice–wheat cropping in northwest India

Abstract. Hydraulic properties of soils after rice cropping are generally unfavourable for wheat cultivation. Poor drainage, delayed planting and oxygen stress in the root zone may adversely affect the wheat crop after lowland rice cultivation. We studied long-term effects of lantana ( Lantana spp. L.) residue additions at 10, 20 and 30 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (fresh biomass) on physical properties of a silty clay loam soil under rice–wheat cropping in northwest India. At the end of ten cropping cycles, soil water retention, infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity and drying rate of soil increased significantly with lantana additions. The available water capacity (AWC), on volume basis, declined at rice harvest (from 22.0 to 18.8–20.9%), but increased at wheat harvest (from 12.9 to 13.4–15.0%) after lantana treatment. The volumes of water transmission (>50 μm) and storage pores (0.5–50 μm) were greater, while the volume of residual pores (<0.5 μm) was smaller in lantana-treated plots than in controls at both rice and wheat harvest. Infiltration rate in the lantana-treated soil was 1.6–7.9 times that of the control (61 mm d⁻¹) at rice harvest, and 2–4.1 times that of the control (1879 mm d⁻¹) at wheat harvest. Thus lantana addition improved soil hydraulic properties to the benefit of the wheat crop in a rice–wheat cropping sequence.     

长期培肥对作物生育后期土壤速效磷含量的影响

经过长期定位试验，建立土壤速效磷与农肥、化肥、秸秆关系的数学模型并探讨作物生育后期土壤速效磷合量的变化规律。分析表明，作物生育后期，土壤速效磷含量随农肥用量增加而呈上升趋势；而化肥效益随着用量的增加而迅速下降；在农肥、化肥用量较高时，秸秆的效果较好；农肥、化肥用量较低时，效果不明显，农肥、化肥、秸秆之间存在着明显的正文互作用。     

阿荣旗旱作丘陵区春玉米配方施肥的研究

春玉米是内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟岭南旱作丘陵区的重要粮食作物。施肥不足,氮、磷配比不合理是该地区玉米低产的重要影响因素。1987～1989年在该地区的中部阿荣旗25个试验点上进行了测土配方施肥的研究,经统计分析,提出了不同土壤肥力条件下氮,磷效应函数;并根据碱解氮、速效磷的土测值确定最佳施肥量的推荐,为岭南旱作丘陵区春玉米丰产栽培提供了施肥依据。     

水产品在我国膳食中的地位和作用

本文从我国水产品生产地区分布上不平衡的特点出发,结合畜禽产品和国外情况,重点分析考察了沿海渔业区、淡水渔业区和山地高原非渔业区水产品在膳食中可能提供的动物蛋白质数量水平及其地位作用。着重指出了人口为全国30%的沿海渔业区占有全国73%的水产品,而人口为70%的淡水渔业区和非渔业区只占有全国水产品的27%。因而尽管1989年全国水产品蛋白质人均占有量仅为3.1克/人日,但沿海渔区却达到相当于世界多数渔业国的7.4克/人日的平均数量水平,并在动物蛋白质中占有平均40%的高比例水平,对保证膳食营养具有重要作用。在人口为40%的淡水渔业区蛋白质的平均占有量为2.0克/人日,在动物蛋白质中只占16.6%,但在淡水生产较快发展的前景下,90年代末仍有可能提高到现有全国平均水平3.1克/人日,部分省区有接近现有沿海渔业区水平的可能。但占有30%人口的非渔业区水产品蛋白质平均占有量仅为0.3克/人日,在提高膳食中动物蛋白质的作用上,不具有任何实质意义。