川西干旱河谷林草植被建设科学考察报告

阐述了川西干旱河谷现有治理状况 ,存在问题 ,提出了治理该区的措施和发展农业经济的建议。     

The Vertical Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Its Restoration Implication in an Active Sand Dune of Northeastern Inner Mongolia,China

Although the functions and characteristics of soil seed banks in topsoil layers have been described for various ecosystems, the spatiotemporal pattern of the seed bank in deep soil and its ecological implications for vegetation restoration of active sand dune have not been fully explored. In 2007 and 2008, seed densities with regard to dune position, soil depth and season were investigated on an active and a stabilized sand dune of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Seeds in the 0–10 cm topsoil layer accounted for 60% of total soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while more than 40% of seeds were stored in the 50–100 cm layers on the active sand dune. Seed density declined significantly with soil depth on the stabilized sand dune, but it was relatively constant across the 0–100 cm soil profile on the active sand dune. Seed density fluctuated with soil depth on the active sand dune suggesting that seeds were either relocated upward or downward over time. Seeds of annual non‐psammophytic species accounted for the majority of soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while pioneer psammophytes contributed more to the soil seed bank of the active sand dune. Our data suggest that seeds in the deep soil layers of active sand dunes account for a large proportion of the whole soil seed bank. Because of the effect of wind erosion, seeds in deep soil could be gradually exposed to shallow soil layers and potentially contribute to population recruitment and vegetation restoration on active sand dunes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Durum wheat landraces from Syria

Syrian durum wheat landraces from diverse collection sites were evaluated for agronomic performance under arid conditions over two seasons at four locations, at two levels of nutrient availability.Grain yield differed considerably among locations. Within locations, significant population and fertilizer effects were demonstrated. In most cases, maximum yield was achieved by landraces, which demonstrates the breeding value of local germplasm. In a particular environment, the population effect was nonsignificant for total dry matter production, but significant for straw and grain yield. Nitrogen application was ineffective if moisture availability was the dominant growth limiting factor.Correlations between plant characteristics at evaluation and collection site characteristics were limited, and therefore, their utilization in germplasm evaluation appear limited. The negative relation between grain yield and soil nitrogen content at the collection site may be caused by the comparative disadvantage that germplasm from regions with favourable growing conditions has under low-yielding conditions.Particular environmental conditions at the collection site were no indicator for the response to changed growing conditions. Relatively high grain yields under good and adverse growing conditions excluded each other in all but two cases. Also, it was difficult to relate grain yield to regions of collection, as the response of individual landraces from a certain region to changing growing conditions differed strongly. Differentiation on the basis of landrace groups appears more promising. The Hauran landrace group provided the largest number of populations with relatively high grain yields over diverse environments.     

集水背景下小流域综合治理的措施和管理形式

半干旱和半湿润易旱地区，天然降雨总量不足且供需错位，加之人类活动的影响，使得土地贫瘠，水土流失严重，环境不断恶化。在实地调查的基础上，作者认为，以集蓄雨水为基础的小流域综合治理是改善该地区生态环境、促进农业发展的有效途径。以河南省浙川县铁瓦河小流域为例，总结了该地区集水背景下的小流域综合治理的措施和管理形式，并论述了集水背景下的小流域综合治理在农业生产实践中的适合性。     

对宁南干旱山区发展高效农业途径的思考与建议

７０年代中期，我所受中央领导同志指示，在宁夏南部山区开展科学考察，并开始了长期定位试验研究和示范，从生产建设方针到实用高效农业技术，进行了深入系统的研究，先后提出了“草灌先行”、“出路在肥”、“旱作增产体系”、“节水型早实丰产果园建设技术”等一批具有全局性的发展战略和技术措施。在此基础上，对本区发展高效农业的途径和基本战略进行了研究探索，认为“三缺”（缺水、缺科技、缺物质投入）是三大障碍因素，其中     

黄土退耕坡地膜下滴灌抗旱造林及减蚀效益研究

以黄土高原主要造林树种刺槐、油松为材料,以坡地常规造林技术为对照,研究了退耕坡地大鱼鳞坑覆膜打孔滴灌技术,使水通过滴灌管缓慢滴入土壤深处,避免了水分无效蒸发,可使刺槐造林成活率达到98 7%,油松达到91 4%,分别比对照提高了36 6%和38%。在降雨量相同的情况下可明显促进幼树生长,刺槐3年平均生长量比对照提高28 1%,油松提高39 3%,树冠投影面积增加2倍。在中强度降雨2次/a、总降雨量387 4mm情况下,25°坡地土壤侵蚀模数下降至2500t/(a·km2)以下。     

聚丙烯酰胺对干旱半干旱区不同作物水分利用及产值的影响

为了在半干旱区和干旱区农业生产中推广应用聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM),在半干旱区选择了西瓜、马铃薯、玉米和谷子,在干旱区选择了春小麦、向日葵、玉米和番茄,以不施PAM为对照,测定PAM对不同作物产量、产值、水分利用效率和水分生产率的影响。结果表明半干旱区西瓜、马铃薯、玉米和谷子的产量分别提高了36.76%、24.83%、20.20%和13.16%,产值提高了36.32%,23.04%,9.37%,10.18%,水分利用效率提高了30.15%,18.83%,13.42%和6.24%,水分生产率提高了30.57%,22.97%,16.79%和11.66%。干旱区春小麦、向日葵、玉米、番茄的产量分别提高了18.56%,12.82%,13.65%和16.54%,产值提高了12.78%,10.70%,9.53%和14.71%,水分利用效率提高了13.49%,17.03%,12.96%和25.12%,水分生产率提高了16.14%,11.62%,11.79%和14.85%。干旱区春小麦的增产率和增值率虽然高于向日葵,但增产值却极显著低于向日葵。建议半干旱区应用PAM应优先选择西瓜和马铃薯,干旱区应优先选择番茄和向日葵。     

菊芋在民勤干旱沙区种植试验研究

2007年通过在民勤干旱沙区进行菊芋种植试验,结果表明:菊芋具有极强的抗旱抗逆能力、固沙和抗风沙能力、繁殖力强等生态适应性,在适宜的条件下,种植后不需灌水即可正常生长,而且生长量大、长势好,是优良的生态经济型防风固沙植物.因此,菊芋适宜在干旱、半干旱沙漠化地区推广种植.     

Soil macroinvertebrate fauna of a Mediterranean arid system: Composition and temporal changes in the assemblage

Temporal variability is a key factor to understand the structure of belowground communities. Seasonal and annual variations are especially relevant in unpredictable desert ecosystems, where macroinvertebrates are poorly known, despite constituting an important group of soil organisms. In the present study, we analyse the composition and temporal (seasonal and annual) variations of soil macroinvertebrates in an arid area of southern Spain. During two years, macroinvertebrates were sampled in litter and belowground levels by means of soil cores. Results show that the assemblage was dominated by arthropods, especially Formicidae and Coleoptera. The assemblage differed between litter and belowground levels. In litter, detritivores dominated the community, while belowground fauna showed a similar proportion of detritivores and herbivores and a low percentage of predators. Litter and belowground assemblages showed seasonal variations in richness, abundance, biomass and composition, although variations were more marked in litter than belowground. Patterns of seasonal variation also differed between the two study years for both litter and belowground invertebrates. The seasonal and annual variability of the assemblage has potentially important implications for community dynamics in the study system, since the changes in species composition and trophic structure of soil invertebrate assemblages may affect species interactions and food web dynamics over time. Therefore, integrating temporal variability is likely to be crucial to understand soil community dynamics and food webs, especially in heterogeneous, variable systems as deserts.     

旱作区农业节水形式探讨

山西省水资源贫乏,旱作区发展农业要抓好以利用天然降水为重点的节水措施.节水形式有:旱地果园、庭院蔬菜、农地经济作物区集流节水;大面积农业区水土保持措施节水;农业耕作措施节水;覆盖保墒、减少蒸腾技术节水.其中集流节水应作为发展的重点,是我国旱地农业中高投入、高产出的一种较为可行的形式.