干旱灾害背景下宁夏避灾农业经营模式的地域构架

宁夏农业生态环境的干旱化趋势,已经成为制约区域农业可持续发展的主要障碍。在干旱灾害环境背景下,基于区域内部环境质量的非均质性,初步提出并构建了宁夏避灾农业经营模式,即引黄灌区高效集约与规模经营的避灾农业亚模式和南部山区高效利用与综合发展的避灾农业亚模式。较以往农业发展模式,避灾农业生态模式更具经济上易于接受,运行上易于操作,收益上高效的特点,特别是对于优化农业投资环境,实现区域可持续发展意义重大。     

青藏高原干旱地区毛苕子最佳播量研究

进行青藏高原干旱地区毛苕子最佳播量研究,结果表明:播种量对毛苕子的株高、主枝结荚层数、结荚部位、单株分蘖数、每荚粒数及产量均有影响,毛苕子进行种子田生产时,最佳播种量为45.0 kg/hm2。     

我国干旱半干旱地区气候变化及其影响

全球气候变化正在直接或间接地对自然生态系统和人类经济社会产生影响,而干旱、半干旱地区的生态系统非常脆弱,对气候变化异常敏感,通过对我国干旱半干旱地区气候变化及影响研究,认为在近50年我国干旱半干旱地区气温上升了1.8℃、降水增多29mm、地表蒸发加大、径流量减少、水资源供求矛盾加剧;农业结构调整,绿洲灌溉区农作物气候产量提高,雨养旱作区农作物产量减少;部分草原生产力下降,病虫害加剧;沙尘暴总体呈减少趋势,但局部地区由于气温升高,土壤水分耗减加速,风沙活动加剧;农业、航空、建筑、渔业、交通、工业均受到影响。     

新疆干旱半干旱农田应用0.2%莪术醇饵剂防治害鼠的效果

为了解0.2%莪术醇饵剂在新疆干旱半干旱农田应用的可行性,2022年4月至7月, 在新疆博州温泉县进行了该药防治害鼠试验。施药在3个试验点(即3个重复)进行, 在害鼠繁殖高峰期前施药, 投放药饵后30、60 d和90 d调查防控效果。结果显示:3个试验区域的结果趋势相似, 校正灭效基本维持在50%以上。与空白对照区相比, 优势鼠种灰仓鼠与根田鼠试验投饵区的雌鼠怀孕率明显下降, 小家鼠、灰仓鼠平均胎仔数明显降低, 小家鼠、灰仓鼠和根田鼠施药区域的鼠类个体的亚成体比例与对照区域明显下降, 说明该药剂对当地害鼠的繁殖具有明显的控制作用, 可达到控制害鼠数量的目的, 适口性也较好, 可以在当地推广应用。     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.     

Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia,China

Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.     

Calibration of Hargreaves–Samani equation for estimating reference evapotranspiration in semiarid and arid regions

The Penman–Monteith (FAO-56 PM) equation is suggested as the standard method for estimating evapotranspiration (ET₀) by the International Irrigation and Drainage Committee and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). On the other hand, the Hargreaves–Samani (HS) equation is an alternative method compared with the FAO-56 PM equation. In the present study, the original coefficient C of the HS equation is calibrated based on the FAO-56 PM equation for estimating the reference ET₀ from 15 meteorological stations in central Iran (about 170,000 km²) under semiarid and arid conditions. After calibration, the new values for C are ranged from 0.0018 to 0.0037. The mean bias error (MBE), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the ratio of average estimations of ET₀ (R) values for all stations are ranged from 0.12 to 5.38, ?5.35 to 1.15 mm d^?1 and 0.64 to 1.28 for the HS equation and from 0.12 to 2.48, ?2.2 to 0.60 mm d^?1, and 1.00 to 1.05 for the calibrated Hargreaves–Samani equation (CHS), respectively. Results indicate that the average RMSE and MBE values are decreased by 40% and 66%, respectively. Relationships for calibrating the C coefficient on the basis of annual average of daily temperature range (ΔT) and wind speed (V) are proposed, calibrated, and validated. Hence, the CHS equation can be used for ET₀ estimates with acceptable accuracy instead of the FAO-56 PM method.     

自压喷灌技术在高寒干旱区草地植被恢复的应用浅析

针对高海拔、寒冷和干旱等恶劣气候环境地区草地植被恢复的瓶颈问题,结合可持续发展战略内涵,该研究系统地介绍了高寒干旱区草地自压喷灌技术,采用创新设计,设置围栏、围栏+喷灌、未围栏3个处理的初级生产效益对比分析试验。结果显示,围栏封育+自压喷灌样地植物平均高度比未围栏样地增加了155.77%,比仅围栏样地增加了76.71%;群落盖度比未围栏样地增加了152.69%,比仅围栏样地增加了35.96%;群落生产力比未围栏样地增加了110.00%,比仅围栏样地增加了24.10%。结果表明,自压喷灌技术在水源和地形条件具备的高寒干旱草地恢复中具备一定的示范和推广潜力,为西藏地区因地制宜,科学合理地利用水资源,为该区草地生态畜牧业的可持续发展提供了一条新思路。     

基于改进综合赋权法的塔里木河流域“三源一干”水资源承载力评价

科学客观的评价流域水资源承载力,对于合理、高效利用水资源,促进经济社会的可持续发展具有重要意义。根据干旱区水资源特点,并结合塔里木河流域实际情况,建立了涵盖4个方面、12项指标的水资源承载力评价体系。利用可变模糊集理论与综合赋权法对研究区不同水平年水资源承载力进行评价,结果表明:2015年,阿克苏河流域与塔里木河干流水资源承载力评价等级为2级,和田河流域与叶尔羌河流域水资源承载力已达到2～3级,若继续恶化必将阻碍流域可持续发展;至2035年,叶尔羌河流域与和田河流域水资源承载力等级均为2级,表明研究区水资源复合系统有好转趋势,承载力有所增强;阿克苏河流域水资源承载力评价等级为2级,水资源复合系统相对稳定;塔里木河干流水资源承载力等级稳定在2级,说明该流域水资源系统可支撑当地生产生活与生态用水。所建模型评价结果稳定、精准程度高,研究结果为流域水资源优化配置提供了重要参考。     

干旱半干旱地区植被生态用水计算

干旱半干旱地区是生态环境比较脆弱的地区 ,特别是人类不合理开发 ,使生态环境受到严重威胁。为了挽救中国西部干旱半干旱地区已遭破坏的生态环境 ,我国政府提出了“退耕还林”的号召。针对干旱半干旱地区 ,植被生态系统实际用水量以及达到某一目标要求的生态用水量如何计算或合理确定 ,对流域规划、生态建设以及水资源合理配置都有重要意义。先从生态系统的一般意义上来介绍生态用水的概念 ,进而介绍植被生态用水的计算方法 ,并针对“退耕还林”和“植被生态改善与恢复”情况下的生态用水计算问题进行专门介绍。