Temperature affects color and quality characteristics of ‘Pink’ wax apple fruit discs

Red color plays a very important role when wax apple fruits are purchased. Temperature is one of the key factors among those influencing red color development. We evaluated the effects of temperature on color formation and other quality characteristics of ‘Pink’ wax apple fruit discs by using constant, slow-increase, fast-increase, transient shifting to high temperature, shifting to high temperature for different length of time and different day/night temperature regimes. The results show temperature has pronounced effects on quality attributes of wax apple fruit discs. Anthocyanin and total soluble solid (TSS) were greatest in the 20 °C treated discs under constant temperatures. In the slow-increase and fast-increase treatments, quality attributes in disc were better in treatments with a final temperature of 25 °C than of 30 °C. The concentration of soluble sugars (SS), starch, total phenolic compounds (TPC), free amino acids (FAA) and soluble protein (SP) all decreased with increasing temperature. Transient shifting to high temperature of 30 °C for 1-day had no effect on pigmentation but treatment periods from 3- to 5-days had a substantial adverse effect. At 30 °C for 5-days, exposed discs had the lightest weight and shortest diameter as well. Both SS and TPC decreased in the 3- and 5-day treatments. When temperature was shifted from 20 to 30 °C for 2 to 11 days, the widest and heaviest discs were found in the 5-day treatment. Anthocyanin and TSS concentration decreased following increased length of exposure to high temperature. Pigmentation of discs exposed to high temperature treatment was worse than in uncultured controls. Both protein and FAA concentrations decreased after culture. Among the 5 different day/night temperature combinations, discs under 25/20 °C had the highest anthocyanin and TSS concentrations, while those under 30/15 °C had the worst.     

汽车尾气对公路两侧苹果的Pb污染研究

用等离子发射光谱仪测定了公路两侧苹果中的Pb含量。结果表明,汽车尾气对苹果造成的Pb污染,在公路两侧30 m范围内较高,5 m和30 m处果实果皮中的Pb含量分别为0.292m g/kg和0.291 m g/kg,是无公害苹果生产标准(0.2 m g/kg)的1.46和1.45倍。随着偏离公路距离的增加,苹果中Pb含量逐渐降低。在距离150 m处降至当地的背景值。对苹果套袋能够有效地降低果实中的Pb含量,最高可降低80%左右。     

41％草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂防除北方苹果园杂草药效试验

41％草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂防除北方苹果园杂草药效试验结果表明,该药剂可有效防除北方苹果园的一生杂草及多年生杂草,且对果树安全,推荐使用剂量为1230-2460g a．i．／hm^2。于苹果园杂草旺盛生长期进行茎叶喷雾处理。     

陕西苹果树腐烂病菌(Cytospora spp.)不同分离株的生物学特性与致病性研究

 本研究从陕西分离得到61株苹果树腐烂病菌(Cytospora spp.),选取在PDA培养基上菌落特征差异明显的7个分离株,对其生物学特性及致病性进行研究。结果表明:各分离株在PDA、PSA、PMA和PEMA培养基上菌落生长较好,但在PDA上的菌落颜色和产孢情况差异很大。各分离株均能在5~32℃生长,但对35℃以上高温的适应性差异较大;所有分离株均能在pH4~9的条件下生长,最适pH为5~6;光照对各分离株的菌落生长有明显的促进作用。各分离株均可在Cza-pek培养基及供试的其它碳、氮源培养基上生长,其中以葡萄糖、麦芽糖和酵母膏为最佳碳、氮源。采用烫伤接种的方法,分别以菌饼和分生孢子悬浮液接种苹果离体枝条,两者均可侵染发病,但各分离株致病力差异显著,其中菌落颜色为黄褐色的菌株致病性强。因此,根据菌落颜色、致病性和生物学特性可将这7个分离株划分为3个类群:Ⅰ型为黄褐色强致病类群,但各分离株的产孢量有差异;Ⅱ型为乳白色不产孢的弱致病类群;Ⅲ型为灰褐色易产孢弱致病类群。其余54株分离物均属于Ⅰ型,这些结果说明陕西省苹果树腐烂病菌具有多样性和致病性分化现象。     

12个苹果品种19项果实采后品质指标比较及相关性分析

【目的】研究不同产地的不同品种苹果果实采后品质变化规律,筛选出品质优良的苹果品种。【方法】以12个苹果品种果实为材料,测定其19项品质指标(硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、破裂力、破裂位移、破裂功、屈服力、屈服功、屈服位移、果肉硬度、果肉做功、L_*^值、a_*^值、b_*^值、c_*^值、h_*^值),并运用主成分分析进行综合评价。【结果】‘瑞香红’果实的硬度和可溶性固形物含量显著高于其他品种;‘国光’苹果的可滴定酸和维生素C含量最高;‘华红’果实的呼吸强度最高;‘瑞阳’和‘华月’乙烯释放量无显著差异,均显著高于其他品种。在穿刺参数测定中,‘国光’苹果的破裂位移、破裂功和果肉做功最大;‘瑞香红’苹果的破裂力、屈服力、屈服功和果肉硬度最大,‘华庆’屈服位移最大。在色差数据中,‘国光’苹果的L_*^值最大,‘瑞香红’苹果的a_*^值最大,‘瑞雪’苹果的b_*^、c_*^、h_*^值最大。不同苹果品种各项指标存在差异,其中硬度与可溶性固形物、破裂力、破裂功、屈服力、屈服功、果肉硬度、果肉做功呈极显著正相关,与乙烯释放量呈显著负相关;屈服功与果肉硬度、果肉做功呈极显著正相关;果肉硬度与果肉做功呈极显著正相关;L_*^值与b_*^值、h_*^{值呈极显著正相关},与a_*^{值呈极显著负相关};a_*^值与b_*^值、h_*^{值呈极显著负相关};b_*^值与c_*^值、h_o^{值呈极显著正相关。}【结论】根据综合得分,可知排名前5位的苹果为‘国光’、‘乔纳金’、‘金冠’、‘瑞雪’、‘华月’,表明在同一采摘年份中,以上5个苹果品种的品质较好。     

苹果汁发酵乳饮料的研制

以苹果汁和牛奶为原料,以pH值和感官评分为指标,通过单因素和正交试验,确定苹果汁发酵乳的最优配方及工艺参数。产品的最佳配比:牛奶添加量55%、苹果汁添加量12%、蔗糖添加量5.5%。最佳发酵工艺条件:乳酸菌接种量3.0%、发酵时间5.0h、温度40℃。     

The relative importance of conidia and ascospores as primary inoculum of Venturia inaequalis in a southeast England orchard

Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, can lead to large losses of marketable fruit if left uncontrolled. The disease appears in orchards during spring as lesions on leaves. These primary lesions are caused by spores released at bud burst from overwintering sources; these spores can be sexually produced ascospores from the leaf litter or asexual conidia from mycelium in wood scab or within buds. The relative importance of conidia and ascospores as primary inoculum were investigated in an orchard in southeast England, UK. Potted trees not previously exposed to apple scab were placed next to (c. 1 m) orchard trees to trap air‐dispersed ascospores. Number and position of scab lesions were assessed on the leaves of shoots from both the potted trees (infection by airborne ascospores) and neighbouring orchard trees (infection by both ascospores and splash‐dispersed, overwintered conidia). The distribution and population similarity of scab lesions were compared in the two tree types by molecular analysis and through modelling of scab incidence and count data. Molecular analysis was inconclusive. Statistical modelling of results suggested that conidia may have contributed approximately 20–50% of the primary inoculum in early spring within this orchard: incidence was estimated to be reduced by 20% on potted trees, and lesion number by 50%. These results indicate that, although conidia are still a minority contributor to primary inoculum, their contribution in this orchard is sufficient to require current management to be reviewed. This might also be true of other orchards with a similar climate.     

叶面喷施尿素涂膜液对苹果树的影响

为了验证尿素涂膜液在苹果上的喷施效果,在大田试验条件下,采用叶面喷施尿素涂膜液和清水(CK)的方法研究了苹果叶面喷施尿素涂膜液的增产效果。结果表明:苹果叶面喷施尿素涂膜液新梢生长量、叶片厚度、叶片鲜重、叶面积分别比对照增加50.0%、15.0%、6.2%和9.3%,百果重、果型指数分别比对照提高4.4%和3.3%,产量较对照增产9.8%,增产效果明显。     

基于层次分析和熵值法的苹果杂交F1代果实性状综合选择模式研究

以“富士”和“粉红女士”多年的果实性状平均表现和预期育种目标为基础,利用数学统计方法、层次分析法和熵值法对其杂交后代选择标准进行评价.结果表明:以果色、果型、风味作为选择的主要依据,确定了单果重、果形指数、果实硬度、糖酸比等12个适宜性评价指标,采用5级评分制对各指标进行量化分级,运用层次分析法和熵值法确定了各指标的综合权重,为苹果杂交F1代果实性状综合选择提出了一个完整的评价指标体系和数量化评价模型.     

苹果砧木脱落酸与树木生长规律的研究

用气象色谱法分析了苹果矮化砧木和乔化砧木5月10日～11月10日叶片内源脱落酸(ABA)的含量水平。结果表明:(1)矮化和乔化砧木叶片内ABA含量以相似的规律变化着,其内在变化影响树体新梢生长、幼芽发育及落叶等生长环节,(2)矮化砧木的ABA含量水平始终高于乔化砧木,通过对M,S和SH系的相关分析,表明树体叶片的ABA含量水平与树体高度、树干周长及新梢长度均呈显著负相关。