坛紫菜叶状体的抗生素联合除菌效果

为研究坛紫菜及其外生菌群对氯霉素、竹桃霉素和头孢噻肟3种抗生素的敏感性,通过将其与氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素和庆大霉素的组合,优化坛紫菜叶状体的除菌方法,并利用涂布平板、qRT-PCR及16S rRNA测序分析其除菌效果。结果显示,当坛紫菜先以氨苄青霉素(300 mg/L)、卡那霉素(100 mg/L)和庆大霉素(100 mg/L)混合处理18 h,再以氯霉素(50 mg/L)、头孢噻肟(200 mg/L)和竹桃霉素(50 mg/L)混合处理4 d,叶状体的健康率保持在96.3%以上,而对可培养细菌的抑制率达到99.9%。根据qRT-PCR和16S rRNA的结果可知,该种组合方法较前3种抗生素的组合,其菌总数下降41.5%,微生物的丰度和多样性指数明显下降。其中,假单胞菌、交替赤杆菌、交替单胞菌以及海杆菌等得到针对性的抑制。研究表明,多种抗生素的优化组合能够对坛紫菜叶片的菌群结构产生显著影响,使其受到抑制,但仍无法达到绝对除菌的效果。     

Isolation, identification, and characterization of an aluminum-tolerant bacterium Burkholderia sp. SB1 from an acidic red soil

Aluminum (Al) toxicity usually occurs in acidic soils worldwide, which is detrimental to the growth of organisms. An Al-tolerant bacterium, SB1, was isolated from an acidic red soil of Chingkang Mountain, located in Jiangxi Province of China. Polyphasic analysis, including a 16S rDNA phylogenetic tree as well as morphological and physicochemical properties, revealed that the isolate was a gramnegative, rod-shaped bacterium, which was recognized as Burkholderia sp. SB1 and had extreme acidity tolerance (pH 2.2) and excellent Al resistance (270 mg L^-1 Al³⁺). It could remove Al by up to 97.7% at a concentration of 54 mg L^-1 Al³⁺. SB1 behavior under different temperatures and antibiotics was also examined. SB1 preferred moderate temperature conditions, ranging from 25 to 37℃, and exhibited notable resistance to multiple antibiotics (including ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline), except for being sensitive to chloramphenicol. Therefore, as the first reported bacterium to possess favorable Al resistance and excellent Al removal, Burkholderia sp. SB1 can potentially be used as an agent for bioremediation of Al-contaminated acidic red soils.     

Fenton法对沼液中三种四环素类和三种磺胺类抗生素氧化去除的研究

近年来各类抗生素广泛地用于畜禽养殖,经动物代谢后随粪便和尿液排出体外。代谢物通过沼气工程处理后,得到的沼液又多用于灌溉,使得抗生素进入环境被农作物吸收,通过食物链的传递对人体产生危害。因而沼液中抗生素的去除尤为重要。采用Fenton氧化技术去除沼液中的三种四环素类和三种磺胺类抗生素,通过设置单因素实验考察了pH值、H_2O_2浓度、摩尔比n(H_2O_2)/n(Fe~(2+))对抗生素去除的影响。结果表明,最佳反应条件为pH=4,H_2O_2浓度为0.4 mol·L~(-1),n(H_2O_2)/n(Fe~(2+))=10∶1,在此条件下,四环素、土霉素、金霉素去除率分别为91.83%、92.38%、80.52%,磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶去除率分别为93.60%、91.97%、91.60%。同时TN、TP、TK的保留率分别为96.0%、97.7%、97.2%。可见,Fenton氧化法对沼液中抗生素的去除有良好的效果,同时又保证其养分的保留,为沼液中抗生素的去除提供了一条可能的途径。     

分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中四环素类抗生素残留

采用分子印迹技术合成四环素类分子印迹聚合物,以其为填料制备固相萃取柱,运用高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中的四环素类抗生素。具体地,以盐酸强力霉素为模板分子、甲基丙烯酸为功能单体、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,采用沉淀聚合法在丙酮-乙腈混合溶液中制备具有特异性吸附能力的分子印迹聚合物,通过高效液相色谱仪检测其吸附四环素类抗生素的能力,并将其作为填料制备固相萃取柱,用于牛奶中四环素类抗生素残留检测。结果显示,四环素类抗生素在0.05~10.0 μg·mL^-1范围内线性良好,加标回收率为79.4%~86.3%,相对标准偏差均小于3.8%,准确性较好。四环素和土霉素的检出限为0.02 μg·mL^-1,金霉素的检出限为0.05 μg·mL^-1,检测灵敏度高,特异性识别能力强。     

水产品等食品中磺胺类抗生素残留分析与预处理方法的研究进展

对水产品等食品中磺胺类抗生素常用的分析方法和预处理方法进行了综述,归纳和比较了毛细管电泳法、微生物方法、液相色谱-质谱法、免疫法、气相色谱法、分光光度法、高效液相色谱法等特点。其中高效液相色谱法由于操作简便、快速、灵敏、准确的特点,是当前检测磺胺类抗生素的主要方法。同时,对包括固相萃取、分子印迹等预处理方法进行了综述。     

Identifying obstacles to reducing the use of antibiotics to control porcine proliferative enteropathy

Proliferative enteropathy (PE) is an enteric disease of pigs that results in diarrhoea, reduced growth rate, reduced feed conversion efficiency and sometimes death. A survey of 13 pig veterinary practitioners in Australia was conducted to determine: (1) PE control strategies (antibiotics and vaccination), (2) how the efficacies of these strategies are evaluated and (3) how reliance on antibiotics could be reduced by increasing vaccine adoption. Antibiotics were routinely prescribed in the diets of weaner, grower and finisher pigs by 9/13, 10/13 and 8/13 veterinarians, respectively, if vaccination was not implemented. Water-soluble antibiotics were prescribed less frequently than in-feed antibiotics. Efficacy of control strategies was assessed most often through reduced clinical signs (diarrhoea, 'tail-ender' pigs, death) and reduced lesion incidence at abattoir postmortem inspection. Twelve practitioners had recommended PE vaccination to their clients in the previous 6 months. Barriers to continued vaccine implementation included perceived lack of efficacy for pigs housed in bedded systems, high cost relative to medication and difficulties in vaccinating pigs post-weaning.     

氨基糖苷类药物抗生素后效应的研究进展

对氨基糖苷类药物抗生素后效应的产生机制、体内外的研究方法、影响因素及常用氨基糖苷类药物抗生素后效应的研究现状进行概述,为评价氨基糖苷类药物的药效学指标和在兽医临床的合理应用提供理论基础。     

合肥市售蔬菜中3种磺胺类药物残留污染调查

为了解蔬菜中典型磺胺类药物的残留污染情况,采用高效液相色谱法测定合肥市售的14种蔬菜中3种磺胺类药物含量。结果表明：3种磺胺类药物在14种蔬菜中均有不同程度检出,但不同药物的残留污染状况差异很大。SM2的检出率为97.3%,最高检出浓度为0.5824 mg/kg;SMZ的检出率为24.5%,最高检出浓度为0.0296 mg/kg;SDZ的检出率为22.8%,最高检出浓度为0.0298 mg/kg;不同类别蔬菜中磺胺类药物含量差异大,叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜中磺胺类药物残留污染相对严重;磺胺二甲基嘧啶主要分布在蔬菜的叶片和根部;磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲噁唑在冬季蔬菜中的检出率明显高于夏季。污染评价表明,蔬菜中磺胺二甲基嘧啶的残留污染情况最严重,超标率高达96.3%;磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲噁唑的污染情况相对较轻,超标率分别为1.8%和24.5%。由此可见,蔬菜中磺胺类药物的残留污染状况已相当严重。     

动物源性食品中大环内酯类抗生素残留分析方法

大环内酯类抗生素(MALs)是畜禽、水产养殖业中广泛使用的一类抗生素.由于这类抗生素被大量或超量使用,目前在许多动物源性食品中均能检测到该类物质的存在.主要对当前动物源性食品中MALs残留分析过程中样品前处理和检测方法进行了综述.     

新型抗生素替代品-重组抗菌剂类蛋白的研究

长期使用抗生素,尤其是人类常用抗生素会导致抗生素在畜产品中残留及细菌耐药性的产生。因此,生产者们迫切需要一种既有效又有利于环保的新的抗生素替代剂。抗菌肽和细胞因子由于具有多种活性越来越受到关注。文章主要介绍了抗菌肽和细胞因子重组蛋白表达与抗菌活性等研究进展,这两类重组蛋白有望成为新的饲料添加剂服务于养殖业。