铵态氮源和碳源对土壤N2O、CO2释放的影响

在田间持水量WFPS为70%、温度为20℃的条件下,通过室内静态培养方法研究铵态氮源与不同碳源结合,对华北平原典型小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤N₂O、CO₂释放的影响。其中,碳源种类分别为葡萄糖、果胶、淀粉、纤维素、木质素和秸秆。结果表明添加葡萄糖和果胶有效促进了土壤N₂O的释放,并在第1 d达到最大值,分别为4039.85 μg N₂O-N·kg^-1·d^-1和2533.44 μg N₂O-N·kg^-1·d^-1;添加纤维素和只施秸秆处理降低了N₂O释放。施入碳源增加了CO₂释放,顺序为纤维素> 淀粉> 葡萄糖> 果胶> 秸秆> 木质素。培养结束后土壤中铵态氮几乎消耗完全,除添加葡萄糖处理外,其他施碳土壤的硝态氮含量均有所增加。在培养前3 d,土壤NH₄⁺和NO₃^-总含量与N₂O释放量显著相关。     

湖北省几种主要土壤的固定态铵及其固定与释放的研究

对湖北省几种主要旱地土壤用室内加氮培养与植物物料混合于砂滤管田间培养进行试验研究，结果表明，湖北省耕地土壤固定态铵含量为31.9-185.3mg/kg，占土壤全氮5.8%-23.7%。外源铵浓度为含N400mg/L，土壤对铵的固定率为33.0%-50.7%；土壤近似最大固定态铵含量与土壤原固定态铵含量大小顺序一致。植物特料分解过程中土壤固定态铵含量的变化比交换性铵含量的变化更大，在计算植物物料氮素矿化速率时应当把固定态铵含量的变化考虑进去。     

三江平原典型小叶章显地土壤中铵态氮水平运移规律研究

选择三江平原小叶章湿地不同水分带上的两种土壤类型（草甸沼泽土和腐殖质沼泽土）作为研究对象，以NH4Cl为示踪剂，模拟研究了铵态氮在土壤中的水平运移过程。结果表明，两种土壤各土层的铵态氮浓度和水平运移速率均与运移距离呈显著负相关（P〈0．01），并随运移距离的增加呈一阶指数衰减曲线变化。各土层的铵态氮水平运移主要由其对于铵态氮吸附的饱和程度来决定，而运移速率主要受浓度梯度、水势梯度及土壤基质势的控制；两种土壤各土层的铵态氮水平运移速率与土壤含水量大多呈显著正相关（P〈0．05），并随含水量的增加而呈指数增长曲线变化；两种土壤各土层的铵态氮浓度均受土壤水分扩散率的影响，二者大多呈显著正相关（P〈0．05），除草甸沼泽土0～20cm土层的铵态氮浓度随水分扩散率的升高呈Boltzmann曲线变化外，其它土层及腐殖质沼泽土的各土层均随其升高呈指数增长曲线变化；草甸沼泽土要比腐殖质沼泽土的相应土层更有利于铵态氮的水平运移，二者不同土层物理性质的显著差异是导致其铵态氮浓度、水平运移速率随运移距离、土壤含水量及水分扩散率的变化而发生分异的重要原因，而湿地水文条件可能对于二者物理性质的塑造作用有着重要影响。     

有机肥与化肥不同比例配施下水稻土铵态氮释放特征

采用淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法,研究了有机肥(猪粪和牛粪)与化肥(尿素)氮以不同比例配施后对水稻土铵态氮释放特征的影响。结果表明:与单施100%尿素处理相比,培养到28 d,配施有机肥处理(除80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮、70%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理)显著降低土壤铵态氮的累积释放量,且随有机肥配施比例的增加降幅增大,降低幅度为5.78%~41.20%(P0.05);培养28~90 d,配施有机肥处理(50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理除外)的土壤铵态氮释放量显著提高;至培养90 d,50%尿素氮配施50%猪粪氮和80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量显著高于单施100%尿素处理,提高幅度分别为4.81%和9.32%(P0.05)。培养结束时,氮素减施20%(单施80%尿素氮、50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮)处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量与单施100%尿素处理无显著差异。本研究表明,50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮既可以降低土壤铵态氮前期释放速率,又可以增加水稻土持续稳定的供氮能力,对减少氮肥损失维持作物生产具有重要意义。     

高等植物GS/GOGAT循环研究进展

高等植物体内 95%以上的NH4+通过GS/GOGAT(谷氨酰胺合成酶 /谷氨酸合成酶 )循环同化。GS、GOGAT在植物叶片、根瘤以及根中均有分布 ,但在不同器官中GS/GOGAT循环的作用不尽相同。在绿色组织中 ,GS/GOGAT循环的主要作用是同化光呼吸产生的NH4+以及硝酸盐在叶中还原产生的NH4+,在根瘤中则主要同化根瘤菌固N产生的NH4+,而在根中则是同化吸收到体内的NH4+以及硝酸盐被吸收后在根中还原产生的NH4+。迄今有关植物GS/GOGAT循环的研究还不太深入 ,但是随着基因工程技术、免疫组织化学技术以及现代植物生理学技术的发展 ,GS/GOGAT循环研究展示广阔前景。对该循环及其调控机制的进一步了解 ,可为合理利用氮肥、提高植物N的利用率提供理论依据。本文综述了近年来对GS/GOGAT循环的研究进展情况     

Turnover of interlayer ammonium in loess-derived soil grown with winter wheat in the Shaanxi Province of China

Summary The turnover of interlayer NH _inf4 ^sup+ in a loess-derived agricultural soil from the Shaanxi Province in China was studied. The concentration of ¹⁵N-labeled interlayer NH _inf4 ^sup+ and total interlayer NH _inf4 ^sup+ (labeled + unlabeled) in a soil grown with winter wheat was significantly higher at the beginning of the season (March) than when the crop was mature (June). In a further experiment with winter wheat it was shown that under field conditions the concentration of interlayer NH _inf4 ^sup+ decreased significantly in the two upper soil layers (0–20 and 20–55 cm) during March and in the deeper soil layer (55–75 cm) during April. When the heading stage of wheat was reached, about 200 kg N ha^-1 of interlayer NH _inf4 ^sup+ had been released. During the following growth period (heading until flowering of wheat) the concentration of interlayer NH _inf4 ^sup+ increased significantly in the upper soil layers. Fertilizer application in the form of 70 kg N ha^-1 as urea led to a considerable increase in the nitrate concentration in the upper soil layer but had no influence on the level of interlayer NH _inf4 ^sup+ concentration. It is concluded that interlayer NH _inf4 ^sup+ takes part in the N cycle of the soil and that it contributes to the N nutrition of the crop. NH _inf4 ^sup+ originating from the mineralization of soil organic N may be rapidly incorporated into the interlayer of clay minerals and later released, when the N demand of the crop is high.     

黄土高原典型土壤矿物固定态铵变化的南北差异

采集从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨陵)等典型土壤剖面0200.cm土层土样,通过测定土样全氮和矿物固定态铵,以阐明黄土高原典型区域土壤全氮和矿物固定态铵及二者比率随地理位置和土层的变异规律,为全面了解黄土高原土壤相对稳定氮库累积提供科学数据。结果表明,不同地理位置、不同土层全氮和矿物固定态铵含量存在显著差异。从南到北全氮和矿物固定态铵呈下降趋势,但各土壤全氮和矿物固定态铵的分布显著不同,全氮含量在060.cm随土层深度增加下降很明显,60120.cm有一定下降,120.cm以下低而稳定。矿物固定态铵在全剖面上的分布比较均匀,随土层深度的变化差异不显著,不同土层间的差异基本在误差范围内,土垫旱耕人为土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土表层(010.cm)矿物固定态铵平均含量分别为215.807.45、165.808.73和146.501.83.mg/kg,表层以下(10200.cm)平均含量分别为193.409.67、157.145.75和142.025.47.mg/kg。从地理位置分析,干润砂质新成土、黄土正常新成土和土垫旱耕人为土表层(010.cm)矿物固定态铵占全氮的百分比分别为(39.570.78)%、(32.916.82)%和(29.747.01)%;在表层以下所占比例更高,干润砂质新成土10200.cm土壤矿物固定态铵含量占全氮比例为(89.5213.42)%,黄土正常新成土为(59.5213.86)%,土垫旱耕人为土为(47.269.01)%。供试土壤中矿物固定态铵与0.01.mm物理性粘粒含量存在极显著正相关关系,说明物理性粘粒是矿物固定态铵的主要载体;矿物固定态铵与全氮含量也有极显著正向相关性。以上结果揭示,在黄土高原黄土母质上形成的土壤,全剖面矿物固定态铵相对均匀,而有机氮相差较大,两种氮库的这种地理位置和剖面分布特征,是黄土母质形成的必然结果,也进一步支持了黄土高原黄土母质的风成学说;同时也反映了需要对有机氮占全氮比例及矿物固定态铵在全氮中地位的传统观念予以重新评价。     

Precipitation chemistry in Japan 1989–1993

Precipitation chemistry in Japan was discussed on a wet-only sample database obtained in a nationwide survey from April 1989 to March 1993. Wet-only samples were collected at 29 stations over Japan on a biweekly basis. Commonly determined chemical parameters were measured in laboratories. The volume-weighted annual mean pH at each site ranged from 4.50 to 5.83 with a mean of 4.76. Concentration ranges and means (parenthesized) on an equivalent basis for major ions were as follows: nss-SO₄ ^2–; 5.2–58.9 (38.6), NO₃ ^–; 1.8–25.0 (14.1), NH₄ ⁺; 0.55–29.8 (18.3), nss-Ca²⁺; 2.0–34.5(14.2), Na⁺; 6.4–275.3 (49.1), Cl^–; 13.7–322.4 (63.5) eq L^–1. Acid-base relationships for Phase-II records were quantitatively discussed in terms of three measures: pH, fractional acidity, and our proposed pA_i.     

分子筛对聚磷酸铵处理杨木吸湿性与阻燃性能的影响

在不同处理条件下,进行分子筛（4A型与13X型）对木材阻燃剂聚磷酸铵（APP）处理试件的载药量、吸湿性、氧指数的影响试验。结果表明,随着APP浓度的升高,处理材的载药量、吸湿率与氧指数均呈上升趋势;分子筛在增大木材载药量的同时可降低其吸湿率;20％的APP与2％的4A分子筛复配溶液处理杨木单板的载药量最高,为51．11 kg／m3;2种分子筛使木材的吸湿率降低了14％～18％;浓度为15％的APP处理木材的氧指数为48．7％,加入2％的4A或13X分子筛后,杨木单板的氧指数分别为41．5％与46．7％,均达到难燃B1级材料的氧指数标准。     

Tolerance of Lisianthus to High Ammonium Levels in Rockwool Culture

Nitrogen (N) by form of nutrition, ammonium (NH₄⁺) or nitrate (NO₃^?), affects metabolic and physiological processes of plants. In general, a high proportion of N in NH₄⁺ form results in poor growth. Nonetheless, a number of species exhibit optimum growth when high levels of NH₄⁺ are provided. In the present study, lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn] was grown in rockwool cultures and irrigated with nutrient solutions containing 15 mM N with varying proportions of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^?. The results showed that an increase in NH₄⁺-N form increased plant height, number of flowers and leaves, leaf area, and shoot, stem, and leaf dry weight. The proportion of NH₄⁺ also affected leaf concentration of phosphorus, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), although leaf N concentration was unaffected. Potassium leaf concentration was higher when a low proportion of NH₄⁺ was supplemented in the nutrient solution; however, plants exhibited a decrease in leaf K concentration and a decrease in leaf Ca as the proportion of NH₄⁺-N increased. Shoot dry weight was higher with low leaf K whereas high leaf Ca was associated with high shoot dry weight. Net photosynthesis rate was higher in plants irrigated with solutions containing 75% of total N in NH₄⁺ form than in those irrigated with solutions of 0 or 25%. The results suggest that lisianthus can tolerate high levels of NH₄⁺, probably associated with a higher assimilation of Ca.