保护性耕作对小麦-土壤系统综合效应研究

采用长期定位试验与短期田间试验相结合的方法,通过室内化验分析和数理统计,研究了河南省不同土壤类型区保护性耕作对土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量碳氮及小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)籽粒产量和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作显著提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷及交换性钾含量,分别提高24.8%、14.3%、7.8%和24.8%;而对小麦增产效果并不显著。4种不同保护性耕作方式下,免耕、浅耕相比旋耕、深耕,提高小麦穗数15.0%～32.2%,提高穗粒数2.6%～12.6%,但4种处理间小麦千粒重及籽粒产量效果无显著差异;免耕、浅耕较旋耕、深耕可以一定程度上提高苗期和灌浆期土壤含水率、以及土壤碱解氮和有效磷,并显著提高小麦不同生育时期的土壤微生物生物量碳氮。免耕与浅耕是较为适宜河南省小麦生产及土壤可持续利用的保护性耕作方式。     

施氮水平对甘蔗氮素吸收与利用的影响

以新台糖22号(ROC22)为试材,设15N标记尿素2.5、5.0和7.5g/盆(相当于225、450和675kg/hm2)3个处理,采用网室盆栽试验方式,研究施氮水平对甘蔗氮素吸收与利用的影响。结果表明:甘蔗吸收的氮素17.27%～27.28%来自施用的氮肥,72.72%～82.73%来自土壤和种茎;甘蔗氮肥利用率为34.21%～42.46%。随施氮水平提高,甘蔗干物质积累、氮素积累及来源于肥料氮素的比率显著增加,同时蔗叶对氮素的吸收利用呈上升趋势,但蔗茎对氮素的吸收利用呈下降趋势,氮肥利用率也显著下降。土壤碱解氮和硝态氮在各土层中的含量随施氮水平的提高而增加,且两者在0～20cm土层的积累明显大于20～40cm土层。本试验条件下,甘蔗氮肥施用为尿素5.0g/盆(相当于450kg/hm2)及土层深度为20cm较为适宜。     

安徽省省会经济圈水源地生态补偿环境调查分析

生态补偿已经成为当前全社会所广泛关注的热点问题。该文从水源地农村居民认知和态度的角度,调查皖西大别山水源地居民对安徽省省会经济圈生态补偿政策的意愿、补偿标准、补偿后收入的变化、补偿方式的接受意愿。对352份的调查分析结果显示:76.3%的居民对主体功能区水资源的生态补偿政策配合、大力支持和倡导宣传。77.5%水源地居民认为水资源生态补偿标准由水费价格或经济发展水平而定,34.5%的水源地居民认为生态补偿政策实施会改善生活。生态补偿金多数用在投入农业生产方面。34.9%的农户认为生态补偿金应由省政府或经济圈机构来发放,38.9%的农户认为生态补偿金由经济圈内的受益企业和事业单位来支付。从生态补偿方式的意愿来看,67.7%的农户愿意通过技术培训满足外出打工需要或发展补偿产业。在对水源地生态补偿环境调查分析的基础上,提出了生态补偿机制的实施对策。     

不同采样尺度下土壤碱解氮空间变异性研究——以榆树市农田土壤为例

在精准农业的实施过程中,研究如何用较少的样本来反映田间信息的空间变异规律,再用科学的插值方法进行插值和预估是精准农业研究中的一个关键问题。以东北典型黑土区——吉林省榆树市为研究区域,在榆树市弓棚镇13号村内选择相对平整的地块进行土壤采样并测试其土壤养分。在对原始采样格网点按一定的样点间隔和布局进行抽取的基础上,利用克里格插值方法和BP神经网络方法分别进行空间插值,比较不同采样尺度（40m×40m,56m×56m,80m×80m,113m×113m,160m×160m五个尺度）对空间插值精度的影响。结果表明:（1）随着采样尺度的增大,碱解氮的空间结构系数C/（C₀+C）有减小的趋势,表明采样间距以内的不可估计误差逐渐增大,其空间结构的表现能力在逐渐减弱;（2）Kriging插值精度总体优于BP神经网络,随着采样尺度的增加,两种模型的模拟精度都有所下降,BP神经网路的插值精度和Kriging模型的插值精度的差距逐渐减小;（3）两种模型在113m×113m尺度上插值精度都发生了突变,如考虑碱解氮的空间变异规律和经济因素,碱解氮的最佳采样尺度应在80～113m。     

Impact of land use on nitrogen concentration in groundwater and river water

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of land use on nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) in shallow groundwater (G-N) and total nitrogen (N) in river water (R-N). The study area consisted of 26 watersheds (1342 km²) covering 72% of Kagawa Prefecture in Japan. We estimated G-N specific concentrations, which showed the magnitude of the upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban land-use contributions to watershed-mean G-N. G-N specific concentrations were gained as partial regression coefficients using a multiple regression analysis of the watershed-mean G-N concentrations and the land-use ratios in each of the 26 watersheds. The results showed that the G-N specific concentration, which was gained as the partial regression coefficient for the multiple regression analysis, was 15.2 mg L^?1, 10.3 mg L^?1, 2.3 mg L^?1 and 2.5 mg L^?1 for the upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban land-use types, respectively. R-N pollution load runoff to the river mouth was calculated by multiplying R-N specific concentration (previously reported) by river flow at the river mouth. Similarly, G-N pollution load arrival to groundwater was calculated by multiplying G-N specific concentration by the groundwater flow. The R-N pollution load runoff was 19.3 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 7.7 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 1.7 kg ha^?1 y^?1 and 7.6 kg ha^?1 y^?1, while the G-N pollution load arrival was 7.3 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 5.0 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 1.1 kg ha^?1 y^?1 and 1.2 kg ha^?1 y^?1, for upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban areas, respectively. These results showed that the N in river water and groundwater was derived mainly from runoff and leaching from croplands. Therefore, the relationships between watershed-mean non-absorbed, applied nitrogen (NAA-N: nitrogen applied to cropland via fertilizer and manure without being absorbed by crops), R-N concentration and watershed-mean G-N concentration were investigated. A curvilinear correlation was observed between NAA-N and R-N concentrations (r² = 0.68) except for one small, high-density, urban watershed, and a weak linear correlation was observed between NAA-N and G-N concentrations (r² = 0.42).     

Alleviation of alternate bearing phenomenon in mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees using boron and nitrogen fertilization

Abstract

This investigation was conducted during two successive seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016) using 15?years old productive mango (Mangifera indica) trees cv. Zebda. The trees were grown at AlMalak Valley Farm, El-Sharkeya Governorate- Egypt (30–51° North; 32–53° East). Trees were planted 8?×?8 meter within and between rows in sandy soil under drip irrigation system using the Nile water. The objective of this study is to alleviate alternate bearing in cv. Zebda using mineral nutrients (nitrogen in the on year and boron in the off year). Treatments included three concentrations of nitrogen (1000, 1250, 1500?g/tree/year) and three concentrations of boron (0.0, 250, 500?mg L^?1). Nitrogen was applied to the soil as ammonium sulfate and boron was applied as foliar spray of boric acid. The extra amount of nitrogen fertilizer (250 and 500?g N/tree) was applied at three installments in (May, June and July). Treatment was arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. Results show that the on-year nitrogen fertilization significantly increased mango tree vegetative growth (number of shoot/branch, shoot length, shoot thickness, number of leaves/meter and leaf area) and yield. The average yield in the on year is 85.5?kg/tree at 1250?g N/tree but 67.4?Kilogram/tree at 1000?g N/tree (the control treatment). While in the off year boron foliar application resulted in a significant increase in flowering, initial fruit set, final fruit set and fruit yield. The average yield in the off year is 47?kg/tree at 250?mg L^?1 boron but 9?kg/tree at 0.0?mg L^?1 boron rate (the control treatment).The interaction treatment of 250?mg L^?1 boron + 1500?g nitrogen/tree is the best treatment as it resulted in the highest values for all the tested parameters. The average yield of this treatment is 53.5?kg/tree. This treatment helps alleviate alternate bearing phenomenon by 41% and obtain the highest economic yield in the off-year, i.e. increased yield by 5.9 fold.     

EFFECT OF PREVIOUS NITROGEN STARVATION ON NO3 − AND NH4 + UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENDOGENOUS SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION IN MOROCCAN WHEAT SEEDLINGS

Uptake of the two forms of nitrogen NO₃ ^? and NH₄ ⁺ and nitrate reduction have been studied in two varieties of Moroccan wheat seedlings, cvs. Sais and Jouda, cultivated under controlled conditions in a hydroponic medium. The available form of nitrogen in the medium had a direct effect on the rate of nitrogen absorption. A brief nitrogen starvation increased the root length and stimulated accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, especially in the root tissues. A resupply of nitrogen stimulated ammonium and nitrate uptake and assimilation with higher mobilization of the soluble carbohydrates previously accumulated in root seedlings. It is suggested that root nitrogen and carbohydrate status might both regulate nitrate uptake and reduction in Moroccan wheat seedlings.

The seedlings raised with the nitrate supply accumulated nitrate in the vacuole as an osmoticum. Shoots are the preferential site for such accumulation. The accumulation of mineral nitrogen was absent in the seedlings cultivated with ammonium supply but was compensated by accumulation of soluble organic nitrogen.     

双热源半自动控温甜樱桃促成栽培系统设计与试验

为解决甜樱桃促成栽培产量和质量不稳定的问题,该研究根据甜樱桃促成栽培特点,研制了一种双热源半自动控温甜樱桃促成栽培系统。该系统以煤、柴为燃料的地炕式加热炉为补充加热方式,结合太阳能调控温度。通过与传统大棚比较,分析了该系统对甜樱桃栽培产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:连续2 a应用甜樱桃促成栽培系统的大棚产量稳定在11 550 kg/hm2以上,优质果率超过80%,年经济效益比普通大棚高37%(2012年)和36%(2013年)。该系统采用半自动测控促成栽培环境,使环境因子的检测和报警实现自动化,明显降低了劳动强度,在甜樱桃促成栽培中推广应用,可取得显著经济效益。     

我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势

氮素在作物产量和品质形成中起着关键作用。本文综述了什么是合理施氮,包括施氮量、施氮方法和时期,也包括与有机肥和秸秆还田措施的配合等。指出我国农田氮肥施用的主要问题是施肥过程和施肥后的严重损失。依据农户调查所获得的田块尺度施氮量,与田间试验合理施氮量对比分析表明,过量施氮田块占总调查田块的大约33%。依据区域尺度单位播种面积平均施氮量,与作物平均推荐施氮量对比分析表明,全国过量施氮面积占播种面积20%、合理面积占70%、不足面积占10%。总体而言,过量施氮现象还相当普遍,特别是在蔬菜和果树等经济作物上。本文提出了一种估算国家尺度氮肥需求量的方法,可估算出全国合理需氮量范围,称之为氮肥需求量估算法。用三种不同方法估算的我国1980~2010年间的氮肥需求量与实际氮肥使用量比较表明,如仍然依照现在的粗放施肥习惯,应该为现在的实际氮肥使用量,5年平均为N 27.9×106t左右,正好处于合理需氮量范围的中线。在改善施肥技术基础上,我国2006~2010年间5年氮肥平均使用量应该在N 19.6×106t左右;用五种方法预测的我国未来氮肥需求量表明,如果改善施肥技术,我国2020、2030、2050年合理氮肥需求量分别为N 21.0×106t、21.7×106t、23.1×106t;如施肥技术得不到实质性改善,依然粗放施氮,则氮肥需求量应处于合理使用量范围的中线,分别为N 30.4×106t、31.4×106t、33.4×106t。进一步分析了我国粮食产量和氮肥施用量与美国和西欧的差异,我国农田有机肥和碳投入对增加土壤有机碳氮库的重要性。     

基于水功能区的湖北省农业非点源污染控制区划

农业非点源污染已成为区域水质恶化的主要原因,有针对性地按照国家和地区对不同水功能区的水环境质量标准的要求划分农业非点源污染控制区,可以使非点源污染的控制更有效率.以湖北省103个县域为对象,以水功能区要求为基础,采用ArcGIS分析法确定县域水环境质量标准,在此基础上,采用水质污染指数法及内梅罗指数法解析各县域单元的污染类型及敏感性,最终划定研究区农业非点源污染控制分区.结果表明：1）湖北省可划分为Ⅱ类水质保护区的县域单元29个,划分为Ⅲ类水质保护区的县域单元74个;2）Ⅱ类水质保护区污染类型可划分为3类,主要为单一污染源污染,敏感区可划分为3类,分别为不敏感、轻度敏感及中度敏感;3）Ⅲ类水质保护区污染类型可划分为7类,主要污染类型为单一污染源污染和混合污染,敏感区可划分为3类,分别为轻度、中度及重度敏感;4）农业非点源污染控制区可划分为3个级别,包括2个一级控制分区,6个二级控制分区,23个三级控制分区.区划结果可为湖北省农业非点源污染管理和防治提供参考.