设施土壤有机氮组分及番茄产量对水氮调控的响应

【目的】酸解铵态氮和酸解氨基酸氮是土壤有机氮的主要组分,可表征土壤的供氮能力,并在氮素矿化、固定、迁移以及为植物生长供氮过程中起到至关重要的作用。研究水、氮调控下设施土壤有机氮组分和番茄产量的相互关系,为评价设施土壤肥力变化和制定科学合理的水、氮管理措施提供科学依据。【方法】田间定位试验在沈阳农业大学的温室内进行了5年,供试作物为番茄,栽培垄上覆盖薄膜,打孔移栽番茄幼苗,膜下滴灌。定位试验三个氮肥处理为施N75、300、525kg/hm^2,记为N1、N2和N3;三个灌水量为25、35和45kPa灌水下限(灌水始点土壤水吸力),记为W1、W2和W3,共9个肥水处理组合。在试验第五年番茄生长期(2016年4—8月)调查了番茄产量及其构成,在休闲期(2016年9月)测定0—10、10—20和20—30cm土层土壤有机氮组分、有机碳和全氮含量。【结果】9个处理中,土壤全氮、有机碳和除酸解氨基糖氮外的有机氮组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,且0—10、10—20和20—30cm土层间含量差异显著(P<0.05)。三个土层中酸解总氮占土壤全氮的66.0%、64.6%和55.2%,是土壤有机氮的主要存在形态。土壤酸解总氮中各组分含量及其所占比例的大小顺序为酸解氨基酸氮、酸解铵态氮>酸解未知态氮>酸解氨基糖氮。灌水下限和施氮量对番茄产量及单果重的影响均达极显著水平(P<0.01),水氮交互效应也达显著水平(P<0.05)。休闲期土壤酸解铵态氮与番茄产量间显著负相关(P<0.05)。番茄产量W1N2(25kPa+N300kg/hm^2)、W2N1(35kPa+N75kg/hm^2)和W1N1(25kPa+75kg/hm^2)处理间差异不显著。【结论】灌水和施氮量及其交互效应对各土层土壤全氮、酸解总氮、酸解铵态氮和酸解氨基酸氮的影响均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),而对土壤有机碳的影响不显著(P>0.05)。相同施氮量下,0—30cm土层酸解铵态氮和0—20cm土层酸解氨基酸氮含量均在土壤水吸力维持在35~6kPa范围内达最高值,此土壤水分含量下的0—20cm土层酸解氨基酸氮含量在施N75kg/hm^2时达到最大值。从节水减氮和番茄产量的角度考虑,控制土壤水吸力不低于35kPa、每季随水施N75kg/hm^2为供试番茄生产条件下最佳的水、氮组合量。     

Is N‐feedback involved in the regulation of nitrogenase activity in Medicago truncatula?

To determine whether senescing leaves provoke an active nitrogen (N) remobilization that results in the reduction of nitrogenase activity, 60% of Medicago truncatula lower leaves were either darkened or individually excised for two weeks. Although a considerable amount of N was remobilized, N₂ fixation activity was found to be increased to maintain the N source/sink balance, indicating an absence of the negative N‐feedback regulation of nitrogenase activity in the senescing M. truncatula.     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

京津风沙源区生态保护与建设工程对防风固沙服务功能的影响

[目的] 评价京津风沙源生态保护与建设工程自2000年启动实施近20 a以来的防风固沙效应,以指导工程二期的实施。[方法] 选取植被覆盖度、风蚀量和防风固沙服务功能保有率等指标进行分析。[结果] 京津风沙源区以草地为主,其次为林地和农田;工程实施以来,多年平均土壤风蚀量为7.87×10⁸ t,以微度和轻度侵蚀为主;一期工程实施期间的土壤风蚀量总体呈逐年减小趋势,二期工程实施以来,风沙源区遭受风蚀危害又逐渐加重,尤其是沙化草原亚区,该区风蚀模数变化趋势达到了8.96 t/（hm²·a）;就防风固沙服务功能保有率而言,整个风沙源区均值达到了0.82,低值区主要分布于沙化草原亚区（0.743）和晋北山地丘陵亚区（0.752）;二期工程实施以来,大部分区域保有率均显著提升,这与二期工程实施期间全年及冬春季的植被覆盖度变化情况一致。[结论] 京津风沙源的风蚀防治区重点在保有率下降区域和以草地和沙地为主的沙化草原亚区、浑善达克沙地亚区和科尔沁沙地亚区。     

有机无机氮肥配施下洛阳烟田土壤N2O排放特点及其控制因素

随着农田化肥使用量的逐年增加和土壤退化问题日趋严重,农田温室气体排放关注度持续提高,为研究旱作植烟土壤N_2O排放特征及影响机理,设置6个田间试验处理,分别为CK0(不施肥处理)、CK1(100%无机氮)、T1(50%无机氮+50%饼肥氮)、T2(50%无机氮+50%羊粪肥氮)、T3(25%无机氮+75%饼肥氮)、T4(25%无机氮+75%羊粪肥氮),各处理施氮量均为45 kg/hm²,烟田施用基肥后起142天内测量不同处理土壤N_2O排放通量、硝态氮、铵态氮含量、根层温度和含水率。结果表明:(1)基肥施入后的3~7天内,土壤N_2O排放通量进入高峰,无机肥处理和有机无机肥配施处理的高峰期分别可维持20,9天,追肥后3天再次出现排放峰并持续9天,随后伴随烟株的生长发育,烟地N_2O排放通量逐渐趋向稳定。(2)基肥施用后仅1个月内N_2O累积排放量可达到总排放量的27.4%~32.6%;处理间N_2O排放量和排放系数均表现为无机>有机+无机(1∶1)>有机+无机(3∶1),无机肥配施有机肥明显降低了肥料中氮素以N_2O形态的损失量;与无机肥相比,T1和T2烟叶产量分别增加9.44%和6.37%,T1、T2、T3和T4处理的N_2O排放强度有着不同程度的降低。(3)主成分分析结果显示,在不施肥烟地中0—5 cm土壤温度和含水率是N_2O排放通量主导因子,利用相关性分析此环境下温度和水分分别与N_2O排放通量间呈现显著和极显著正相关关系;施肥后土壤铵态氮含量和土壤含水率是烟地N_2O排放通量的主导因子且相关性分析均呈现极显著正相关关系。综上,旱地植烟土壤N_2O排放受氮肥种类影响较大,施肥后N_2O排放通量对土壤温度响应减弱,主要受土壤铵态氮含量和含水量的影响;在总氮量相同情况下,有机无机肥配施比例为1∶1时明显降低土壤N_2O排放并提高了产量,该比例饼肥和羊粪肥处理分别将烟地N_2O排放强度降低20.4%和23.7%。     

碳酸铵对意大利青霉的作用机制及对不同柑橘果实品质的影响

为了寻求一种安全有效的方法防治由意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）引起的柑橘青霉病,该研究分析了碳酸铵作为通常认为安全的药剂抑制意大利青霉生长的可能作用机制及对脐橙、皇帝柑、沃柑3种不同类型柑橘贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,碳酸铵能抑制意大利青霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长,且呈现剂量依赖效应,在质量浓度分别为 0.4 g/L和0.8 g/L时可完全抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长。结构观察表明,碳酸铵引起菌丝生长节点稀疏和分支减少;超微结构观察发现菌丝严重皱缩,菌丝线粒体结构异常。生理生化分析表明,碳酸铵处理,引起线粒体的钠/钾离子ATP酶（Na+/ K+-ATPase）、钙离子ATP酶（Ca2+-ATPase）和镁离子ATP酶（Mg2+-ATPase）活性下降,导致还原型谷胱甘肽（Reduced Glutathione,GSH）含量及谷胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione Reductase,GR）活性降低,活性氧清除体系超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性紊乱,促进H2O2积累。添加活性氧清除剂半胱氨酸（Cysteine,Cys）能部分恢复碳酸铵处理的病菌孢子萌发。活体接种表明,16 g/L碳酸铵处理显著减小了柑橘果实接种意大利青霉的病斑直径（P<0.05）,减轻果实发病。碳酸铵处理能降低3种类型柑橘果实自然发病率,且对果实失重率、色泽、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、还原糖含量无不良影响。结果表明,碳酸铵通过损伤意大利青霉菌丝线粒体结构和功能,促进活性氧积累来发挥抗真菌活性,碳酸铵可以作为杀菌剂的绿色有效替代方法,研究结果为碳酸铵防治柑橘果实采后腐烂提供参考。     

Potassium behavior and clay mineral composition in the soil with low effectiveness of potassium application

ABSTRACT

Increasing exchangeable potassium (ExK) content in soil to an appropriate level is important to mitigate the transfer of radioactive cesium to crops. We focused on a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) field with a low ExK content, despite the application of K, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan (Field A), following the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Dai-ichi (No. 1) Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011. We examined the relationship between K concentration and clay mineral composition in the soil of Field A and compared the findings with another field in Fukushima Prefecture (Field B) to clarify whether K applied to the soil was leached or remaining fixed. Pot experiments showed that K concentration in water seepage from pots following irrigation was significantly lower in pots from Field A than in those from Field B. Soil ExK content after soybean cultivation was lower in soils of Field A than those of Field B. These results indicate that K applied to Field A was fixed in the soil. Analysis of clay mineral composition confirmed the distinctive vermiculitic nature of Field A soils. This clay mineralogy would be associated with the higher K fixation ability of Field A than Field B soils. This study demonstrated that K fixation in vermiculite was a factor preventing the increase in ExK content from K application to Field A.     

几株高效溶磷解钾药用稻内生固氮菌的筛选与鉴定

从药用稻(Oryza officinalis)中筛选具有高效溶磷解钾的内生固氮菌,在农业生产上具有很大的潜在应用价值.本研究以药用稻为材料,采用两种选择性无氮培养基结合乙炔还原法进行内生固氮菌的分离,利用平板筛选法从所分离的内生固氮菌中筛选出高效溶磷解钾菌,应用全细胞蛋白SDS-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)对所筛选到的菌株进行快速聚类.选取每个类群的代表菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列测定及生理生化鉴定.通过钼锑抗比色法和四苯硼钠法测定其溶磷解钾量,同时通过接种水稻对其促生作用进行分析.结果表明,从药用稻中筛选到了4株具有高效溶磷解钾能力的内生固氮菌,其固氮酶活性在8.78～8.88 μmol C2H4/(mL·h)之间.SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白电泳将4株菌聚为1个类群.16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析及理化鉴定表明,代表菌株yy01为久留里伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia kururiensis,菌株yy01发酵培养5d后,溶无机磷量达116.28mg/L,是参比菌株变栖克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella variicola)的2.73倍;解钾量达268.31 mg/L,是参比菌株变栖克雷伯氏菌的4.67倍.此外,yy01还具有分泌生长素等特性,接种水稻之后能明显的促进水稻的生长,其中水稻叶长增加了25.90％,根增长了42.30％,分蘖数增加了79.64％,鲜重增加了166.90％,氮、磷、钾的含量分别增加了61.54％、41.18％和54.05％.因此,从药用稻中筛选到的4株具有高效溶磷解钾能力的内生固氮菌是一类对农业生产有着重要意义的菌株.     

模拟降雨条件下不同植被覆盖度/格局的坡地土壤铵态氮流失特征

尽管采取各种措施控制农业氮素污染,但大量氮素的流失仍然成为农业非点源污染的主要来源之一。采用室内模拟降雨的方式,选用了3种植被覆盖度(25%,50%和75%)、9种不同的植被格局,对21°坡面铵态氮随径流和泥沙流失迁移规律进行了研究。结果表明:径流和泥沙流失的控制关键期在初期产流阶段。植被覆盖度25%时,铵态氮流失规律不明显。植被覆盖度50%时,在中期和后期产流阶段径流和泥沙携带的铵态氮流失量分别占累计流失量71.2%~82.8%,应加强中期和后期产流阶段铵态氮流失量控制。植被覆盖75%时,初期产流阶段是铵态氮流失控制的关键时期。径流与径流结合态铵态氮流失量呈幂函数关系,两者呈显著正相关(p0.05),泥沙与泥沙结合态铵态氮流失量均呈幂函数关系,并具有极显著正相关性(p0.01)。径流和泥沙流失是坡面铵态氮流失的两种途径。从削减水沙和养分流失量角度来看,坡下植被格局最强,坡上植被格局次之,坡中植被格局最弱。     

Environmental effects on soil NO concentrations and root N uptake in beech and spruce forests

This study aimed to investigate the shifts in net nitrogen (N) uptake and N compounds of fine roots over the vegetation period (i.e., spring, summer, autumn) and correlate this with NO concentration in the soil. Soil NO concentration was measured using gas lysimeters for collection and a chemiluminescence analyzer for quantification. Net N uptake by the roots was determined using the ¹⁵N enrichment technique. N pools were quantified using spectrophotometric techniques. Soil NO concentrations at beech and spruce forest sites were highest in spring (June), and lowest in winter (December). Total N of the roots was similar during the seasons and between the two years under study despite considerable variation of different N compounds. Net N uptake generally increased with higher N supply. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between soil NO concentration and net N uptake only for spruce trees. This relationship seemed to be modulated by environmental factors and tree species.