Regrowth Rates of Timothy and Meadow Fescue as Related to the Content of Remaining Water-soluble Carbohydrates and Non-elongated Tillers

The relationship between regrowth rates and the content of water-soluble carbohydrates in stubble (WSC) and percentage of non-elongated tillers (PNT) was studied in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) cut at different phenological stages. Single plants were grown in pots and cut outdoors and then regrown under controlled climatic conditions. The data for the dry matter production during the following 3 weeks were fitted to an expolinear growth equation to determine an initial maximum relative regrowth rate (R _m) and a daily maximum regrowth rate (C _m). C _m appeared to be positively correlated to PNT in both species, whereas R _m was increased with increasing WSC. For regrowth after later cuts of meadow fescue there was a positive contribution to R _m by PNT.     

生石灰和钙镁磷肥对晚稻生长及稻米镉含量的影响

为研究不同培肥措施对镉污染稻田的修复效果,采用小区试验的方法,研究了生石灰和钙镁磷肥及与化肥、有机肥配施对土壤镉有效性、水稻生长和稻米镉含量的影响。结果表明:施用生石灰、钙镁磷肥可以显著提高土壤pH值,其增幅为10.5%～16.1%,其中耦合石灰、钙镁磷肥和化肥(NPKML)处理增幅最大,达到16.1%,施用生石灰次之、钙镁磷肥增幅最小。有机肥与生石灰、有机肥与化肥和生石灰配施可使土壤有效镉含量降低7.9%～23.5%、使糙米的镉含量降低35.1%～47.5%,其中NPKML对两者的降低效果最佳。施用生石灰、钙镁磷肥等对水稻生长和稻谷品质没有显著影响。研究表明,有机肥、化肥、钙镁磷肥和石灰合理配施,对镉污染稻田修复具有较好的效果。     

不同钝化剂对铅锌矿区周边农田镉铅污染钝化修复研究

采用大田试验和盆栽试验,研究了海泡石(S)、石灰(L)、腐植酸(H)、生物炭(B)和钙镁磷肥(P)对云南某铅锌矿区周边玉米农田的修复效果,并采用BCR形态分级试验研究土壤钝化前后重金属形态的变化。结果表明:石灰和海泡石可显著提高土壤pH。钝化处理可显著降低DTPA提取态Cd、Pb含量,盆栽试验中,生物炭45 t·hm~(-2)处理对Cd钝化效率可达45.3%,石灰2.25 t·hm~(-2)处理对Pb钝化效率可达60.6%;大田试验中,钙镁磷肥3 t·hm~(-2)处理对Cd最高钝化效率可达48.3%,石灰4.5 t·hm~(-2)处理对Pb钝化效率可达25.3%。石灰、海泡石和生物炭对重金属形态变化影响显著,可促进重金属由高活性形态向低活性形态转换。钝化处理可显著降低玉米籽粒中Cd、Pb含量,生物炭22.5 t·hm~(-2)处理下,Cd最大降幅85%,作物达到食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2012,Cd≤0.1 mg·kg-1),石灰4.5 t·hm~(-2)处理下,Pb最大降幅59.6%,但未达到食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2012,Pb≤0.2 mg·kg-1)。部分钝化剂可以起到增产的作用,腐植酸22.5 t·hm~(-2)处理下可增产29.1%。综合分析不同钝化剂及其施用量的效果可知,海泡石和石灰是对该矿区周边Cd、Pb污染农田修复效果最佳的钝化剂,最佳施用量分别为海泡石45 t·hm~(-2)和石灰2.25 t·hm~(-2)。     

宁夏回族自治区扬黄灌区密植高产玉米磷素吸收利用特征及适宜用量分析

利用田间试验的方法,研究磷肥(P_2O_5)施用量对宁夏扬黄灌区密植高产玉米产量、磷素吸收积累特征,明确宁夏扬黄灌区玉米生产适宜磷肥用量,以指导当地玉米生产。以正大12为供试材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,在玉米密度为9.75万株/hm~2条件下设置5个磷肥(P_2O_5)用量0、45、90、135和180 kg/hm~2,N 300.0 kg/hm~2和K_2O 75.0 kg/hm~2均一致。从磷肥(P_2O_5)对密植玉米产量、经济效益、土壤磷素平衡和磷肥利用效率的影响进行分析。结果表明:施用磷肥(P_2O_5)增加了玉米穗粒数和百粒重,增产率为3.1%～7.8%,通过产量获得磷肥(P_2O_5)效应方程为Y=-0.053 7x~2+15.803x+15 450(R~2=0.981 9~*),通过模拟计算最高产量P_2O_5用量为147.1 kg/hm~2,从实际最佳经济产量P_2O_5用量为112.2 kg/hm~2。经济效益角度分析P_2O_5用量在135 kg/hm~2时利润最高,比对照增收5.7%。施用磷肥(P_2O_5)促进了玉米磷素的吸收累积,籽粒、秸秆和地上部磷素累积量,100 kg籽粒需P_2O_5量均随磷肥(P_2O_5)用量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,均以施P_2O_5 135 kg/hm~2最高,较对照分别提高24.0%、19.3%、22.1%和15.7%。P_2O_5用量为135 kg/hm~2时磷肥利用效率最高为36.2%(P0.05),磷肥偏生产力、磷肥农学效率和生理利用效率均随着磷肥用量增加呈下降趋势。施P_2O_5量为45～135 kg/hm~2时耕层土壤速效磷均为当季匮缺。从玉米产量、经济效益、土壤磷素平衡和磷肥利用效率多个角度综合分析认为研究区域密植高产玉米磷肥(P_2O_5)用量适宜的范围为135～147 kg/hm~2。     

Adaptation of Chinese and German maize-based food-feed-energy systems to limited phosphate resources—a new Sino-German international research training group

Phosphate is supplied to agriculture by mining and fertilizer production, followed by different steps of phosphate utilization, including primary production, feed and food consumption, and conversion of biomass, with accumulation in soils, but little recycling and severe environmental losses. Phosphate is a limited essential nutrient, however, with very uneven distribution worldwide. Closing the cycle and reducing primary phosphate consumption are fundamental future challenges. Maize has a relatively high phosphate requirement. China and Germany together cover the whole range of maize production systems. The new Sino-German international research training group “Adaptation of Chinese and German maize-based food-feed-energy systems to limited phosphate resources” (AMAIZE-P) was initiated in 2018 as a joint venture of the China Agricultural University (Beijing, China) and the University of Hohenheim (Stuttgart, Germany). The interdisciplinary and complementary research is driven by the hypothesis that under phosphate limited conditions, high productivity and high phosphate use efficiency can be achieved simultaneously by adapting phosphate cycling and availability (sources) to the multipurpose phosphate demands (sinks) in maize-based food-feed-energy systems. The educational program for doctoral researchers in China and Germany includes joint block seminars, thematic field trips, case studies, methodological courses, doctoral researchers’ conferences, intercultural training sessions and personal training.     

Physiological mechanisms for antagonistic interaction of manganese and aluminum in barley

In a previous study, we found that the combined addition of Al and Mn in the culture solution could alleviate the inhibition of barley growth by addition of Al or Mn alone. The current experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to investigate the physiological mechanisms of the antagonistic interaction using two barley genotypes, XZ16 (both Al and Mn tolerant) and ZU9 (both Al and Mn sensitive). The treatments consisted of three Al levels (0, 0.1, and 0.5?mM) and three Mn levels (0, 0.2, and 1.0?mM) and their combinations, and a completely randomized block design was used with three replications. The combined treatments had larger plant biomass, lower Al and Mn concentrations and accumulation in plant tissues, lower malondialdehyde content, and higher root ATPases activities, compared with Al or Mn alone treatment. The two genotypes had the similar trend in the antagonistic interaction, with ZU9 being more predominant than XZ16.     

氮磷钾配比施肥对银杏幼苗生长的影响

为了筛选我国北方地区彩叶树种银杏生长中较好的施肥配方,开展了氮磷钾3因素3水平的施肥正交试验,结果表明:氮磷钾不同配比处理对银杏树高、地径、叶片生长等生长因子有着明显的促进作用,其中纯N 4.6 g·株^-1、纯P 6.4 g·株^-1、纯K 1.1 g·株^-1的处理组合对苗高以及单株叶质量增加效果最好,纯N 9.2 g·株^-1、纯P 3.2 g·株^-1、纯K 1.1 g·株^-1的处理组合对地径以及单叶质量的增加效果最明显。     

不同土壤改良剂对酸性铝富集红壤毒性缓解效应的差异

在红壤中添加外源铝并种植作物,研究不同土壤改良剂对酸性铝富集土壤的铝毒缓解效应差异及潜在机制。采用酸性红壤做盆栽试验,添加外源铝,并施用土壤改良剂腐殖酸(HA)、生物炭(C)和生石灰(CaO)种植小白菜,设置CK、HA(0.3%HA)、C(2%C)、CaO(0.3%CaO)、Al(1 mmol/kg Al 3+)、Al+HA(1 mmol/kg Al 3++0.3%HA)、Al+C(1mmol/kg Al 3++2%C)、Al+CaO(1mmol/kg Al 3++0.3%CaO)共8个处理,分析腐殖酸、生物炭和生石灰对铝富集红壤不同形态活性铝及作物生长的影响。结果表明:铝毒会显著降低小白菜的出苗率和鲜质量,提高小白菜铝含量;而施用改良剂能缓解铝毒对小白菜的抑制作用,改善小白菜的生长状况,降低小白菜铝含量,Al+HA、Al+C和Al+CaO处理小白菜鲜质量较Al处理分别增加86%、775%和1 014%。添加外源Al较CK处理土壤pH降低0.17个单位,活性铝总量显著增加,而添加改良剂后活性铝总量减少。此外,Al处理交换性Al 3+含量较CK处理上升11.17%,Al+HA、Al+C和Al+CaO处理交换性Al 3+含量较Al处理分别下降11.81%、59.63%和87.82%,而单聚体羟基铝离子Al(OH)2+和Al(OH)+2含量却上升。因此,在土壤中加入外源铝显著降低土壤pH,加重酸化,且交换性Al 3+增加,抑制小白菜生长;施用改良剂腐殖酸、生物炭和生石灰后交换性Al 3+含量降低,小白菜生长状况得到改善,其中生物炭和生石灰还能有效增加红壤pH。因此,改良剂通过对土壤pH、养分含量和交换性Al 3+含量产生综合作用从而影响作物生长。     

林木对铝的耐性机理研究进展

在酸性土壤中,铝对林木的毒害是限制林木生长、降低林木生产力、进而导致森林退化的主要因素之一。目前,国内外在林木铝毒害及耐铝机制方面已有较多的研究,但关于林木耐铝的生理和分子机制的综述性报道很少。文中综述了近年来林木对铝的富集、铝对林木生理和分子水平上的毒害等方面的研究进展,总结了林木耐铝的生理机制和分子机制,简要介绍了外源添加物对林木耐铝毒的调控机制,提出了今后有关林木铝毒需进一步研究的重点,以期为林木铝毒的深入研究提供参考以及为缓解我国酸性土壤林木铝毒害及森林的健康持续经营提供参考。     

Extraction of mobile element fractions in forest soils using ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride

The extraction of earth alkaline and alkali metals (Ca, Mg, K, Na), heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) and Al by 1 M NH₄NO₃ and 0.5 M NH₄Cl was compared for soil samples (texture: silt loam, clay loam) with a wide range of pH(CaCl₂) and organic carbon (OC) from a forest area in W Germany. For each of these elements, close and highly significant correlations could be observed between the results from both methods in organic and mineral soil horizons. The contents of the base cations were almost convertible one‐to‐one. However, for all heavy metals NH₄Cl extracted clearly larger amounts, which was mainly due to their tendency to form soluble chloro complexes with chloride ions from the NH₄Cl solution. This tendency is very distinct in the case of Cd, Pb, and Fe, but also influences the results of Mn and Zn. In the case of Cd and Mn, and to a lower degree also in the case of Pb, Fe, and Zn, the effect of the chloro complexes shows a significant pH dependency. Especially for Cd, but also for Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn, the agreement between both methods increased, when pH(CaCl₂) values and/or contents of OC were taken into account. In comparison to NH₄Cl, NH₄NO₃ proved to be chemically less reactive and, thus, more suitable for the extraction of comparable fractions of mobile heavy metals. Since both methods lead to similar and closely correlated results with regard to base cations and Al, the use of NH₄NO₃ is also recommended for the extraction of mobile/exchangeable alkali, earth alkaline, and Al ions in soils and for the estimation of their contribution to the effective cation‐exchange capacity (CEC). Consequently, we suggest to determine the mobile/exchangeable fraction of all elements using the NH₄NO₃ method. However, the applicability of the NH₄NO₃ method to other soils still needs to be investigated.