铝胁迫对山茶属植物光合特性的影响

以山茶属植物山茶花（Camellia japonica）品种花克瑞墨大牡丹以及茶（Camellia sinensis）的2个品种（白茶、乐茶）为材料，设置不同铝处理浓度，研究了铝对山茶属植物叶片光合作用特性的影响。结果表明，低浓度的铝处理促进了山茶属植物叶片叶绿素的合成和净光合速率的升高，高浓度的铝处理抑制了山茶属植物叶片叶绿素的合成，降低了净光合速率，胞间CO2浓度在不同铝浓度处理下变化不大，说明低浓度的铝能促进山茶属植物的光合作用，高浓度铝抑制了山茶属植物的光合作用。     

土壤与植物根际磷的有效性研究

本文论述了影响土壤与植物根际磷的有效性的因素有其机理，为合理分配和施用磷肥提供了科学依据。     

Protection and fastness of green color of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) treated with chromium-based reagents

The attractive green color of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) culms fades without chemical treatment. Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) has been used to protect the green color of bamboo, but CCA is harmful to factory workers and the environment. To overcome the toxicity of arsenic in CCA, two chromium-based formulas developed by the authors, chromated copper phosphate (CCP) and chromated phosphate (CP), were evaluated for their protection of the green color of moso bamboo. The results revealed that bamboo treated with CP had a greener color than those treated with CCA or CCP. The concentration, treatment time, and CrO₃/H₃PO₄ ratio in CP solution greatly affected the color of moso bamboo culms. The attractive green color, which resembles the color of fresh-cut moso bamboo, was obtained by treating bamboo with 2% CP solution at 60°C for 3h, using a 11 CrO₃/H₃PO₄ ratio in aqueous solution. In addition, the CP-treated moso bamboo exhibited excellent green color fastness in both accelerated ultraviolet lightfastness testing and outdoor weathering exposure.     

钙镁磷肥对元胡种植区酸化土壤改良效果的探究

为了探究钙镁磷肥对元胡种植区土壤酸化的阻控作用,通过连续两年的钙镁磷肥田间定位试验,以上元观镇当地元胡种植户施肥习惯为对照(CK),研究分析了在氮、钾肥用量相同的情况下,施用钙、镁、磷肥750 kg/hm~2、1 500 kg/hm~2和2 250 kg/hm~2,对土壤pH、交换性酸、阳离子交换量(CEC)、交换性盐基离子以及土壤基本肥力水平的影响。通过测算投入、产出效益,结果表明：施用钙镁磷肥能显著提升土壤pH水平,较(CK)处理提升0.27～0.31个单位,T100、T150两个处理能显著降低土壤交换性酸总量和交换性氢含量,对降低交换性铝有一定作用。施用钙镁磷肥较(CK)处理能显著提升阳离子交换量(CEC)以及交换性钙和交换性镁,是阻控土壤酸化的主要作用机制。但当施用量达到2 250 kg/hm~2时,种植元胡的新增纯收益会有所下降,伴随产生土壤中磷素过量的问题,会有造成磷素流失产生农业面源污染的风险。因此在汉中元胡种植区土壤酸化改良中推荐钙镁磷肥施用量750～1 500 kg/hm~2。     

添加螯合剂对磷酸二铵溶解、固定及转化的影响

【目的】促进磷肥溶解、减少磷素固定是提高磷肥利用率的重要途径。本研究通过向磷酸二铵中添加羟基乙叉二膦酸和葡萄糖酸钠制备磷肥试验产品,研究其溶解和防固定性能及磷素肥际转化特征,为磷肥高效利用提供依据。【方法】选择羟基乙叉二膦酸（HEDP）和葡萄糖酸钠（SG）两种螯合剂,分别按0、0.5%、1%、3%、5%的添加比例与粉状磷酸二铵混匀并挤压造粒,制备出普通磷酸二铵（P）、HEDP_0.5%+P、HEDP_1%+P、HEDP_3%+P、HEDP_5%+P、SG_0.5%+P、SG_1%+P、SG_3%+P和SG_5%+P等9种颗粒磷酸二铵试验产品。分别采用水溶出率法和CaCl₂沉淀法分析比较不同磷酸二铵试验产品的水溶性磷的溶解速率和固定率,并利用土壤培养法研究其肥际移动和转化特征。【结果】（1）添加HEDP和SG的磷酸二铵平均溶解速率较普通磷酸二铵分别提高27.7%和20.0%;HEDP和SG在5%和0.5%添加量时溶解速率最高,分别达5.1%·min^-1和4.8%·min^-1,溶解15 min的溶出率分别为76.6%和72.6%,较普通磷酸二铵提高39.2%和32.6%。（2）添加HEDP和SG,磷酸二铵中水溶性磷固定率分别降低10.3%和6.6%,与普通磷酸二铵相比,HEDP和SG添加量分别为5%和3%时水溶性磷固定率最低,分别为58.1%和61.3%,较普通磷酸二铵降低17.0%和11.8%。（3）HEDP+P和SG+P处理肥际土壤有效磷含量较普通磷酸二铵分别显著提高39.5%和21.2%,以HEDP+P肥际土壤有效磷含量更高。HEDP和SG添加量均在3%时肥际微域有效磷含量最高,分别为2.9和2.5 g·kg^-1,较普通磷酸二铵提高53.3%和31.9%。（4）HEDP+P和SG+P处理肥际微域Ca₂-P含量较普通磷酸二铵分别提高38.2%和43.0%,均在螯合剂添加量为3%时最高;在施肥层上下5 mm肥际微域范围内,HEDP+P和SG+P的处理Ca₈-P含量较P处理分别降低33.6%和14.5%,HEDP和SG添加量分别在0.5%和3%时肥际微域Ca₈-P含量最低,分别为0.9和1.5 g·kg^-1,较P处理分别降低53.4%和25.8%。（5）肥际微域中有效磷和Ca₂-P含量与磷肥的溶解速率显著正相关,与水溶性磷固定率显著负相关（P<0.01）。【结论】添加羟基乙叉二膦酸和葡萄糖酸钠均可促进磷酸二铵溶解,有效减少磷素固定,其中羟基乙叉二膦酸的助溶解及防固定效果更好,且当其添加量为3%时能更显著地提高肥际土壤有效磷含量,并减少Ca₂-P向Ca₈-P的转化。     

聚磷酸铵对砖红壤和石灰性土壤上磷素吸附解吸行为的影响

以砖红壤和石灰性土壤为供试土壤,探索不同聚磷酸铵(APP)对土壤中磷吸附解吸的影响,为评价磷的有效性提供数据参考。在等磷等氮条件下,分别以APP1(以中聚为主)、APP2(以低聚为主)、APP3(聚合度分布均匀且高聚含量高)、MAP(磷酸一铵)、A-M(APP3和MAP以P₂O₅质量比1∶1的比例混合)、CK(空白对照)为供试材料,设置6个处理(各处理名同所用材料),在砖红壤和石灰性土壤上进行50 d的培养,测定各处理下磷的吸附解吸特性。结果显示,在石灰性土壤和砖红壤上,朗缪尔(Langmuir)方程、弗罗因德利希(Freundlich)方程和Temkin方程均可很好地拟合土壤中磷的等温吸附特征,且以Freundlich方程的拟合效果最好(相关系数在0.86~0.98)。在石灰性土壤上,除CK外,以APP1处理下土壤对磷的吸附性最强,A-M处理下土壤对磷的吸附性最弱,磷解吸量最大,磷解吸率最高;在砖红壤上,除CK外,以APP1处理下土壤对磷的吸附性最强,APP2处理下土壤对磷的吸附性最弱,磷解吸量最大,磷解吸率最高。结果表明,聚合度分布均匀且高聚含量高的APP配施MAP可减少石灰性土壤对磷的吸附,提高磷的有效性;而以低聚为主的APP可减少砖红壤对磷的吸附,保持土壤磷的平衡和供磷能力。     

大鹏澳网箱养殖海域磷酸盐在沉积物-海水界面交换速率的研究

应用实验室培养法研究了大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养殖海域磷酸盐(PO_4-P)在沉积物-海水界面上的交换通量；并根据改进的连续函数法计算了PO_4-P在沉积物-海水界面上交换速率。结果表明：(1)PO_4-P在沉积物-海水界面上的交换通量随时间的变化关系满足以e为底的指数衰减函数；(2)整个调查海域PO_4-P在沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率为0．27～2．47 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。其中,网箱养殖区PO_4-P的交换速率(0．82～2．47 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1))明显高于对照区PO_4-P的交换速率(0．27～0．62 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)),长时期的养殖活动使养殖区沉积环境中的磷得以积累,PO_4-P在沉积物-水界面上的交换速率升高。     

Influence of sediment phosphorus on utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer: a mesocosm study

Influence of initial sediment phosphorus content of the pond sediment on P dose efficiency was examined in a laboratory experiment using four types of sediments collected from ponds located along a nutrient gradient in a sewage‐fed fish farm. Each sediment type (500 g) was dispensed in a glass jar with water and treated with single super phosphate (SSP) treatment at 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg L^?1 in triplicate. Determination of orthophosphate (OP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in water and available and total P in sediment showed increased response in relation to dose and time. At a given dose, the rate of increase for all species of phosphate in sediment or water was maximum in the case of local pond (LP) soil followed by stocking pond (SP), facultative pond (FP) and anaerobic pond (AP) soil, suggesting that utililization of phosphate fertilizer was much better under oligotrophic conditions than under eutrophic states. The SSP‐induced OP peak at 10 mg L^?1 in LP sediment was similar to that of 5.0 mg L^?1 in AP sediment containing 59% enhanced initial phosphate, implying that fertilizer application can be profitably reduced by 18% in the former without limiting the OP level in the water phase. It is concluded that dosage selection of phosphorus fertilizer in aquaculture ponds should be based on an evaluation of the initial P status of the system.     

Comparison of 5′-inosine monophosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate degrading activities among red,pink, and white muscle fibers of cultured carp

ABSTRACT:   As part of a study to clarify the differences in the temporal change in K -value among fish species, the temporal change in K -value and the 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) and p-nitrophenol phosphate (p-NPP) degrading activities in the red, pink, and white muscle fibers in the dorsal muscle of the carp were compared. The temporal change in K -value was fastest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers, at both 0°C and 32°C. Moreover, the 5'-IMP and p-NPP degrading activities were highest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers at near optimum pH concentrations. The 5'-IMP degrading activity at pH 7.0 had a positive correlation with the increasing rate of K -value at 32°C for all types of muscle fibers. These results suggest that differences in increasing rates of K -values between red, pink, and white muscle fibers corresponded to the 5'-IMP degrading activities.     

甘蔗SPS基因家族成员表达与糖分积累关系解析

以甘蔗高糖品种福农95-1702和低糖品种ROC-5为材料,分析SPS I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ在高、低糖这两个品种的幼叶、第三功能叶和不同蔗茎的表达,测定甘蔗糖分积累早期、中期和后期的糖分含量。结果显示,在功能叶和茎第二节中,三个阶段SPS家族成员在高糖品种的含量整体趋势高于低糖品种,结合蔗糖积累特点分析表明其可能在蔗糖合成中扮演着重要的角色。与正三叶相反,在幼叶中,三个阶段SPS家族成员在高糖品种的表达量整体趋势低于低糖品种,表明其可能与嫩叶的生长等其他生理性状相关,在成熟茎中,随着蔗糖积累时间的增加,高糖品种中的优势表达基因减少,而低糖品种中的优势表达基因增加,这可能与低糖品种中、后期大量积累蔗糖相关。