甜菜渣提取果胶的研究（二）—酸法萃取、铝盐沉淀工艺

经甜菜渣为原料，采用酸法萃取，铝盐沉淀工艺提取果胶。在料水比为１∶１８，萃取液中果胶含量为１．２％左右时，铝盐的用量为１０％，Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３液与萃取液的比例是７∶１００，最佳ｐＨ值为４．４～４．７。脱铝剂的组成为９５％乙醇∶水∶浓盐酸为８∶１．５∶０．５。并用此工艺和参数进行了ｋｇ级放大实验，得率为２２％（果胶／甜菜渣），产品中半乳糖醛酸含量６８．３３％，脂化度６５．９７％。产品经化学定量分析无Ａｌ＋＋＋残存，除胶凝度尚需进一步讨论之外，其它各项质量指标均符合食用果胶的国家标准     

金衢盆地的土壤铝状况及其对棉花生长的影响

选用浙江省金衢盆地８个具代表性和不同熟化程度的土样，研究了土壤的ｐＨ及不同浸提方法测得的铝含量与铝饱和度之间的关系，有机质对浸提铝含量的影响及土壤铝对棉花生长的影响。结果表明：不同方法浸提的铝含量和铝饱和度一般是随土壤ｐＨ的降低而增加，但重要原因之一还是有机质的影响，试验中，加柠檬酸可增加水浸提铝浓度，其增加值又随ｐＨ下降而增加。用不同方法浸提的土壤铝含量顺序不同。新垦、贫瘠的土壤上，铝对棉花生长的中毒影响与溶液中铝摩尔活度一致。生产上用０．０１ｍｏｌ·Ｌ￣（－１）ＣａＣｌ＿２的土壤浸提液铝浓度作棉花铝中毒的土壤诊断指标较好，临界浓度为０．１８ｍｇ·Ｌ￣（－１）。     

Aluminium tolerance mechanisms in Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Citrate synthase activity and TTC reduction are well correlated with citrate secretion

We characterised the physiological mechanisms of tolerance in two bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L. viz. French Bean cv. Amy and Rosecoco (GLP2)) differing in Al tolerance of the varietal level. Root elongation at varying levels of Al over time clearly showed the Al tolerance superiority of Rosecoco over French bean. Aluminium uptake was much higher in French bean, in both root apex and 2 mm region of the root apex. The root cation exchange capacity of the Al-sensitive French bean was markedly higher than that of Rosecoco. Citric acid was the only organic acid whose secretion was stimulated by Al and was higher in Rosecoco than in French bean. The citrate synthase and NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase activities were apparently higher in Rosecoco than in French bean b1,lt those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase were not significantly different between the two varieties under Al stress. Triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction was greater in Rosecoco and was also well correlated with the citrate secretion. These results suggest the role of TTC reduction and citrate secretion as underlying factors in the Al tolerance mechanism of Rosecoco.     

二突异翅长蠹的生物学特性及熏蒸技术研究

近年来二突异翅长蠹对安徽省储藏期柳编原材料——杞柳枝条的危害日趋严重.为了有效防控该虫,对其生物学特性和熏蒸技术进行研究.实验室饲养观测与仓库调查结果表明,该虫在安徽省1年发生2代,以老熟幼虫在被害柳条内部越冬.翌年3月下旬越冬幼虫开始活动为害,4月下旬开始化蛹,5月中旬成虫大量出现,并于5月下旬产卵.第1代幼虫于6月上旬孵化,8月上旬幼虫开始化蛹,8月中旬羽化为成虫,8月下旬成虫开始产卵,9月上旬第2代幼虫孵化,并继续为害柳条,一直持续到11月新柳条收获后.用56%磷化铝片剂和80%敌敌畏乳油在密封袋中进行熏蒸试验.结果表明,磷化铝的熏杀效果更好,12 g·m-3剂量熏蒸72 h后各虫态的死亡率可达到100%,以幼虫对磷化氢最敏感.因此,熏蒸防治要抓住越冬代幼虫活动期,即在每年的3月底至4月初,用56%磷化铝片剂12 g·m-3熏蒸72 h以上为宜.     

Evaluation of chemical amendments to control phosphorus losses from dairy slurry

Land application of dairy slurry can result in incidental losses of phosphorus (P) to runoff in addition to increased loss of P from soil as a result of a buildup in soil test P (STP). An agitator test was used to identify the most effective amendments to reduce dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loss from the soil surface after land application of chemically amended dairy cattle slurry. This test involved adding slurry mixed with various amendments (mixed in a beaker using a jar test flocculator at 100 rpm), to intact soil samples at approximate field capacity. Slurry/amended slurry was applied with a spatula, submerged with overlying water and then mixed to simulate overland flow. In order of effectiveness, at optimum application rates, ferric chloride (FeCl₂) reduced the DRP in overlying water by 88%, aluminium chloride (AlCl₂) by 87%, alum (Al₂(SO₄)₃·nH₂O) by 83%, lime by 81%, aluminium water treatment residuals (Al‐WTR; sieved to <2 mm) by 77%, flyash by 72%, flue gas desulphurization by‐product by 72% and Al‐WTR sludge by 71%. Ferric chloride (€4.82/m³ treated slurry) was the most cost‐effective chemical amendment. However, Al compounds are preferred owing to stability of Al–P compared with Fe–P bonds. Alum is less expensive than AlCl₂ (€6.67/m³), but the risk of effervescence needs further investigation at field‐scale. Phosphorus sorbing materials (PSM) were not as efficient as chemicals in reducing DRP in overlying water. The amendments all reduced P loss from dairy slurry, but the feasibility of these amendments may be limited because of the cost of treatment.     

The significance of organic‐anion exudation for the aluminum resistance of primary triticale derived from wheat and rye parents differing in aluminum resistance

Eight primary octoploid triticale genotypes (xTriticosecale Wittmack) derived from four wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) and two rye inbred lines (Secale cereale L.) differing in aluminum (Al) resistance were investigated with respect to their response to Al supply. Aluminum‐induced inhibition of root elongation (48 h, 25 µM Al supply), callose formation, and the accumulation of Al in root tips (4 h, 25 µM Al supply) were used as parameters to assess Al resistance. Using these parameters, the existing information on Al resistance of the wheat and rye cultivars was generally confirmed. The triticale cultivars showed a wide range of Al resistance amongst the Al‐sensitive wheat and the Al‐resistant rye cultivars. The rye parents and the Al‐resistant wheat parent Carazinho were characterized by Al‐induced exudation particularly of citrate but also of malate from whole root systems of 14 d old seedlings (8 h, 50 µM Al supply). Regression analysis revealed that the degree of Al resistance of the triticale genotypes was closely related to the Al‐induced citrate exudation, which was mainly controlled by the Al resistance of the wheat parent.     

腐殖酸对磷在红壤中有效性的影响

An investigation was conducted to study the effect of humic substance （HS） on the phosphorus （P） solubility in acidic soil. The soil （2.5 g）, HS （0, 0.5, and 2.5 g）, and P as monocalcium phosphate （0.31 and 1.25 g P kg^-1 soil） were mixed with 50 mL distilled water and two different sequences of adding HS and P were used. The results indicated that the P concentration in water and 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 solution increased with increasing amounts of humic substance. The concentrations of Fe and Al were also increased. However, Olsen P decreased with increasing amount of humic substance. Water-soluble P concentrations from P rates at 0.31 and 1.25 g P kg^-1 soil in the treatment with 0.5 g （2.5 g） humic substance addition were 360% and 70% （500% and 90%） higher, respectively, than those in the treatment with no humic substance addition. P extracted by 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl2 in the treatments with 0.5 and 2.5 g humic substance addition was increased by 400% and 540%, respectively, compared with that in the treatment without humic substance at the rate of 0.31 g P kg^-1 soil, while the corresponding P concentrations were increased by 80% and 90% at the rate of 1.25 g P kg^-1 soil. The order of mixing humic substance and phosphate did not significantly affect desorbed P and labile P extracted with CaCl2.     

Aluminium Toxicity Risk for Pinus pinaster in Acid Soils (Galicia,NW Spain)

The influence of bedrock on aluminium toxicity and aluminium speciation in the soil solution was studied in four Pinus pinaster plots. Growth and biomass parameters in the acidic soils were also evaluated in relation to different Al toxicity indices. The plots were developed over slate, biotitic schist, mica schist and granite. Samples of rhizospheric and non‐rhizospheric soil, 1‐year‐old needles and roots were collected in each study plot. Total Al, reactive Al, acid‐soluble Al, non‐labile and labile Al and Al species (Al³⁺, Al‐OH, Al‐F and Al‐SO₄) were determined in soil solution. Reactive Al dominated over the acid‐soluble Al, and the non‐labile Al predominated over the labile Al in all soils, but particularly over mica schist. In the biotitic schist soil, the Al forms and total Al were lower, whereas concentrations were always higher over mica schist. The Al forms considered most toxic were Al³⁺ and Al‐OH, and Al concentrations were highest over slate and mica schist. Al toxicity indices in soil, needle and roots showed a risk of toxicity in mica schist, slate and granite. The stand site indices over slate and mica schist were lower, consistent with the high labile Al and Al³⁺ + Al‐OH in soil solution. Despite the high stand site index over granite, the growth efficiency was low, in accordance with very low ratios of Ca/Al in needles or fine roots. This confirmed the adaptation of maritime pine to granitic substrates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

散热器的应用

本文介绍了散热器的种类、现状及发展前景,特别介绍了钢制、铝制散热器的应用场合。