洗涤厂排污口可培养中度嗜热菌的多样性

为考查洗涤厂热废水排放口土壤在常年人为热环境下的可培养嗜热菌的多样性,采集洗涤厂热废水排放口附近的湿热泥土,应用不同培养基分离纯化泥土中的可培养嗜热菌,并对获得的纯培养细菌进行16S rDNA鉴定和系统发育相关分析。结果表明：分离纯化得到的29株不同表型的纯培养菌株均属于坚壁菌门芽孢杆菌纲,归属于5个属11个种,分别是地芽孢杆菌属 Geobacillus 3个种,芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus 3个种,无氧芽孢杆菌属 Anoxybacillus 3个种,解脲芽孢杆菌属Ureibacillus 1个种和高温放线菌属 Thermoactinomyces 1个种,属种多样性丰富,菌株资源具有潜在开发应用价值。     

长岭草原不同盐碱地大型土壤动物的多样性

为丰富温带草地生态系统土壤动物多样性的基础资料,为草地生态系统的保护和恢复提供科学依据,对吉林省长岭草原羊草草甸盐碱化草地的光碱斑、碱蓬群落、碱蒿群落、虎尾草群落和碱茅群落5种生境的大型土壤动物进行了调查。结果表明：在5种生境中共捕获大型土壤动物1210只,隶属于2门5纲14目。碱茅、虎尾草和碱蒿生境共有的优势类群是象甲科幼虫,碱蓬和光碱斑生境中以步甲科为优势类群。蝼蛄科动物为5个生境共有的常见类群。从地表至地下20 cm 深度,大型土壤动物类群数随深度增加而递减。碱茅、虎尾草、碱蒿和碱蓬生境大型土壤动物个体数在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性。光碱斑生境中大型土壤动物个体数表现为10～20 cm 层＞0～10 cm 层＞20～30 cm 层。大型土壤动物群落多样性指数和均匀性指数均为碱茅＞虎尾草＞碱蓬＞碱蒿＞光碱斑,而优势度指数则相反。土壤动物多样性指数、个体数和类群数均与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关（P ＜0．01）,与土壤 pH 值呈显著负相关（P ＜0．05）,与土壤含水率相关性不显著。综合来看,随着盐碱地的恢复演替,盐碱化程度逐渐减弱,生境条件逐渐好转,土壤动物也越丰富,极度盐碱化的光碱斑生境最不适宜大型土壤动物生存。     

清香木天然林物种多样性及稳定性对不同干扰强度的响应

选择清香木(Pistacia weinmannifolia)典型群落样地,划分为不同干扰类型。采用物种丰富度、Simpson指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener指教(H)和均匀度指数(E)等物种多样性指数及改进的M-Godron稳定性测定方法,对清香木天然种群的物种多样性和稳定性进行分析。结果表明:清香木群落乔木层和草本层物种多样性表现为干扰弱干扰强,而灌木层为干扰弱干扰强;在不同干扰强度下群落稳定性均靠近稳定状态,其相对的稳定性比较是干扰强干扰弱,表现出与群落物种多样性不同的趋势。     

不同来源地黄化感物质对土壤微生物 功能多样性的影响

地黄连作障碍严重制约了地黄的产量和品质、化感自毒作用是植物连作障碍形成的重要原因之一、研 究地黄化感物质的来源（根尧叶尧根系分泌物）显得尤为重要。通过在土壤中添加地黄化感物质的不同载体（根尧叶尧根 系分泌物）、对一段时期内土壤微生物功能多样性发生的变化进行分析、基于BIOLOG 平板法分析不同时期各个处 理以酚酸类物质为碳源及以其他碳源为底物的微生物生长情况、研究化感物质的主要来源。结果表明院处理1 d、根 处理最有利于以多聚物尧氨基酸尧糖类尧胺类尧羧酸为碳源的微生物生长、叶处理最有利于以酚酸为碳源的微生物生 长、根系分泌物处理微生物生长情况仅好于对照。处理30尧60尧90尧180 d、根处理最有利于以酚酸为碳源的微生物生 长、叶处理最有利于以多聚物尧氨基酸为碳源的微生物生长、根系分泌物处理微生物多样性最差、不利于以各类碳源 为底物的微生物生长。     

山东地方猪种与引进猪种EDG4基因多态性分析

为了探讨内皮分化基因4(endothelial differentiation gene 4,EDG4)的生物学功能,利用PCR-RFLP技术研究EDG4基因外显子2在7个猪群中的多态性分布规律.结果表明,仅在鲁莱猪和大约克猪群体中检测到TT、TC和CC 3种基因型,在莱芜猪、里岔猪、沂蒙猪和杜洛克猪群体中检测到TC和CC 2种基因型,在长白猪只检测到CC1种基因型;在7个猪群体中C均为优势等位基因,CC为优势基因型.x2检验结果表明,基因型分布在里岔猪、莱芜猪、沂蒙猪、鲁莱猪、长白猪和杜洛克群均达到了哈代-温伯格平衡(P＞0.05);不同基因型在群体间的分布差异极显著.群体遗传特性结果表明,有效等位基因数在1.000～1.5127之间.7个猪种的多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.0000～0.2815之间,其中鲁莱猪PIC大于0.25,为中度多态;其余品种PIC值低于0.25,为低度多态.     

基于28S rDNA序列的2种飞虱内生真菌多样性研究

飞虱是农业的重要害虫之一,其体内存在大量共生菌,它们为寄主提供氨基酸、固醇类物质以及蛋白质等多种营养成分,保证飞虱的正常生长和繁殖。利用对飞虱内生真菌28S rDNA基因克隆和序列比对分析的方法,首次对烟翅白背飞虱Sogatella Kolophon和长绿飞虱Saccharosydne procerus体内内生真菌的多样性进行研究。结果显示,烟翅白背飞虱腹部脂肪体内可能存在4种内生真菌,其中热带假丝酵母Candida tropicalis为优势共生菌;长绿飞虱可能存在6种内生真菌,其中担子菌酵母Derxomyces anomala和泡状莫氏黑粉菌Moesziomyces bullatus系为飞虱首次发现。另外,在这2种飞虱体内均发现了一种与白地霉 Galactomyces geotrichum相似度为99%的内生真菌,这也是该菌在飞虱体内的首次报道。本研究为以后探讨内生真菌与其宿主的进化关系及探索利用内生菌防治飞虱害虫奠定了基础。     

Insights into an undescribed high-elevation lake (6,170 m a.s.l.) on Volcán Llullaillaco: A physical and microbiological view

1. High elevation lakes are extreme ecosystems and serve as sentinels of various global changes.
2. An expedition to Volcán Llullaillaco in 1996 discovered an unstudied high-elevation lake (6,170 m a.s.l.) that probably was formed as a result of the past eruptive events or climatic processes such as glacial retreat in the lake basin.
3. This article describes an initial physical characterization of the lake and its microbial communities derived from two sampling expeditions in 2013 and 2016.
4. The microbial community in the lake, with an area between 1.2 and 1.4 ha and a depth of 6.8 m, was dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Haloarchaea. In addition, 26 bacterial isolates were identified within the genera Subtercola, Xylophilus, Rhodanobacter, Mesorhizobium and Pseudomonas.
5. Lago Llullaillaco is one of the highest recorded lakes in the world, and this study highlights the unique microbial diversity of this aquatic ecosystem and the importance of its preservation to understand the complex biological processes under polyextreme conditions.

     

Genetic structure of Orbicella faveolata population reveals high connectivity among a marine protected area and Varadero Reef in the Colombian Caribbean

1. The protection of ecosystems with high diversity, such as coral reefs, is not an approach that guarantees their conservation. Thus, maintaining connectivity among coral populations over the long term is a strategy that should be adopted in order to protect diversity and ecological processes. Although coral reefs in Colombia are highly diverse, the population genetics baseline data of keystone species such as Orbicella faveolata are limited.
2. To provide current information about the connectivity between populations of O. faveolata in the Colombian Caribbean, the genetic diversity and distribution of O. faveolata was evaluated with analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), principal components, and migration estimations using 113 genets distributed in six populations. Also, a genetic structure analysis that included the available data for the Caribbean population was conducted, seeking to understand how the Colombian populations relate to the broader region.
3. According to the global fixation index (F_ST) for the Colombian Caribbean, there was no genetic structure (F_ST = 0.002). Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) showed that Corales del Rosario Archipelago (CR), Este de Isla Fuerte (EIF), San Bernardo Archipelago (SB), and Varadero Reef (VR) were grouped with Oeste de Isla Fuerte (OIF), with Bushnell (BS) representing the most divergent cluster. Migration analysis showed relatively high migration from VR to CR and SB, highlighting the importance of VR as a genetic reservoir for the region. Structure analysis showed that the Colombian population presented a specific genetic identity (F_ST = 0.254), suggesting that the Colombian Caribbean population could be a peripheral population that contributes significantly to genetic variation and is connected through a complex connectivity process.
4. In conclusion, the estimated genetic connectivity reflects the influence of sea surface dynamics over the interpopulation exchange dynamics and the role of protected and nonprotected coral reef in the Colombian Caribbean. Thus, the Colombian Caribbean population of O. faveolata could be relevant to the conservation of genetic diversity on a larger scale.

     

Plant pathogen protection by arbuscular mycorrhizas: A role for fungal diversity?

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can confer protection to host plants against some root pathogens, and several mechanisms for these phenomena have been proposed. If AM fungal taxa vary in the ways that they limit the negative effects of pathogens on host plants, additive and/or synergistic interactions among members of diverse AM fungal assemblages and communities may result in a greater pathogen protection than is currently predicted. However, in a review of the literature on interactions between AM and pathogenic fungi, we found few examples that compared the effectiveness of single- and multi-species AM fungal assemblages. Here, we briefly recount the generally recognized mechanisms of pathogen protection by AM fungi and present evidence, where appropriate, for functional diversity among AM fungal taxa with regard to these mechanisms. We propose that functional complementarity of AM fungal taxa in interactions with pathogens could mimic, or even be the cause of, previously observed relationships between AM fungal diversity and plant productivity.     

Tree species affect atmospheric CH4 oxidation without altering community composition of soil methanotrophs

Plant species exert strong effects on ecosystem functions and one of the emerging, and difficult to test hypotheses, is that plants alter soil functions through changing the community structure of soil microorganisms. We tested the hypothesis for atmospheric CH₄ oxidation by using soil samples from a Siberian afforestation experiment and exposing them to ¹³C-CH₄. We determined the activity of the soil methanotrophs under different tree species at three levels of initial CH₄ concentration (30, 200 and 1000 ppm) thus distinguishing the activities of low- and high-affinity methanotrophs. Half of the samples were incubated with ¹³C-enriched CH₄ (99.9%) and half with ¹²C-CH₄. This allowed an estimation of the amount of ¹³C incorporated into individual PLFAs and determination of PLFAs of methanotrophs involved in CH₄ oxidation at the different CH₄ concentrations. Tree species strongly altered the activity of atmospheric CH₄ oxidation without appearing to change the composition of high-affinity methanotrophs as evidenced by PLFA ¹³C labeling. The low diversity of atmospheric CH₄ oxidizers, presumably belonging to the UCSα group, may explain the lack of tree species effects on the composition of soil methanotrophs. We submit that the observed tree species effects on atmospheric CH₄ oxidation indicate an effect on biomass or cell-specific activities rather than by a community change and this may be related to the impact of the tree species on soil N cycling.